1、Importance of Datebase(学习数据库的重要性)

Database technology is evolved from the end of the sixties in last century, it is the newest technology of data management, and it is the important branch of computer science. 数据库技术诞生于上世纪 60 年代末,是数据管理领域的新兴技术,也是计算机科学的重要分支。

Database technology is core and foundation of the information system, its appearance has promoted the computer application infiltration [渗透] toall trades and professions [各行各业]greatly.数据库技术是信息系统的核心与基础,它的出现极大推动了计算机应用渗透至各行各业。

The construction scale, information quantity of database and the use frequentness of the database have already become the important sign of a national information application.数据库的建设规模、信息储量与使用频次,现已成为衡量一个国家信息化应用水平的重要标志。

2、Basic Concepts(数据库)

(1)Data(数据)

 Data is the basic object stored in the database.(数据是存储在数据库中的基本对象)

Data is the physical symbols that represent different kinds of information.(数据是用于表征各类信息的物理符号。)

Data can not express the content completely.(数据无法完整表达其语义内容)

(2)Datebase(数据库)

是一个数据集合,用于表示信息系统所关注的各类信息。

是由数据库管理系统(Database Management System,简称 DBMS) 进行管理的数据集合。

more about database:

A single, large shared collection of data with a minimum amount of duplication – can be used simultaneously by many departments and users.(一个单一、大型且冗余度最低的共享数据集合。)

 Logically related - comprises the objects and the relationships between these objects. (逻辑上相关—— 由各类数据对象及其相互之间的关系共同构成。)

 Description of the data –the system catalogue (or data dictionary or metadata) provides the description of data.  (数据描述—— 系统目录(或称数据字典、元数据)提供了对数据的描述信息。)

 Characteristics of database(数据库的特征):

1️⃣The data is organized, described and stored according a certain data model [有组织、可描述、并按照一定的数据模型进行存储].

2️⃣Sharable by many users [可共享].

3️⃣Small redundancy [较少的冗余].

4️⃣High independency [较高的独立性].

5️⃣Easy extensibility [易扩展].

(3)Datebase management System(DBMS数据库管理系统)

Defination:DBMS is a data management software (System Software) between users and operation system, it provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient for people to use in storing and retrieving data.(DBMS(数据库管理系统)是位于用户与操作系统之间的数据管理软件(属于系统软件),它为用户提供了一个便捷、高效的环境,用于数据的存储与检索。)

Date Defination(数据的定义)

it allows users to define the database through a Data Definition Language (DDL).(它允许用户通过数据定义语言(Data Definition Language,简称 DDL) 来定义数据库。)

to define the composition and structure of data objects in database, including name, attribute, integrity, security, relationships among different data objects, etc.(数据库中数据对象的组成与结构,包括数据对象的名称、属性、完整性约束、安全性规则,以及不同数据对象之间的关联关系等。)

 Data Organization, Storage and Mangement(数据组织,存储和管理):

to classify, organize, store and manage the data in database, including data dictionary, user data, storage and retrieve path of data, etc.(对数据库中的数据进行分类、组织、存储与管理,包括数据字典、用户数据、数据的存储与检索路径等。)

purpose(目的):

to improve  storage space utilization.(提升存储空间利用率)
to provide high performance of access efficiency.(提供高性能的访问效率)

 Data Manipulation(数据操纵)

Defination:to execute  basic operations on data in the database, including insert, delete, update, select, etc. , through Data Manipulation Language (DML)(通过数据操纵语言(Data Manipulation Language,简称DML),对数据库中的数据执行基本操作,包括插入、删除、修改(更新)、查询等。)

Database Control(数据库控制):

 provide unified management and control, to ensure the integrity[完整性], security[安全性], concurrency[并发] of multi-users, etc.(提供统一的管理与控制,以保障数据的完整性、安全性,以及多用户并发访问等特性。)

Database Maintenance(数据库维护):

provide a series of  tools and applications to restore[转储], recover [恢复], re-organize[重组], performance monitor[性能监测], analyze for database.(为数据库提供一系列工具与应用程序,用于数据转储、恢复、重组、性能监测与分析等操作。)

3、Datebase System(DBS数据库系统)

(1)DBS Defination:

a system to organize, store, retrieve, manage, maintain data.(一个用于组织、存储、检索、管理与维护数据的系统。)

(2)The components of DBS(DBS的组成):

 consist of DB, DBMS (and development tools), application system, and database administrator (and users).(由数据库(DB)、数据库管理系统(DBMS)(及开发工具)、应用系统以及数据库管理员(DBA)(和用户)共同构成。)

(3)Roles/Users in DBS (数据库系统的角色/用户)

DatabaseAdministrator (DBA数据库管理员) ;

DatabaseSystemAnalyst (数据库系统分析人员);

DatabaseDesigner(数据库设计人员) ;

Application Developer (数据库应用开发人员) ;

End-Users(最终用户)

(4)Roles in DBS(数据库系统DBS中的角色)

DBA(数据库管理员)

■ to decide the content and structure of data in DB.(确定数据库中数据的内容与结构)

■ to decide the storage structure and access strategy of data in DB.(确定数据库中数据的存储结构与访问策略)

■ to define the requirements of integrity and security of data in DB.(定义数据库中数据的完整性与安全性要求)

■ to monitor the running of database system.(监控数据库系统的运行状态)

■ to improve and re-organize of database.(对数据库进行优化与重组)

Database Designer(数据库设计师)

■ participate in the requirement investigation and application system analysis.(参与需求调研与应用系统分析)

■ specify the data which should be involved in DB.(明确数据库中需要包含的数据内容)

■ design three levels of database. [数据库的三级模式](设计数据库的三级模式结构)

Database System Analyst(数据库系统分析师)

■ is responsible for requirement analysis of application system(负责应用系统的需求分析)

■ consult with DBA and users, to specify the configuration of system's hardware and software.(与数据库管理员(DBA)及用户沟通,确定系统的软硬件配置)

■ participate in the conceptual design of database system.(参与数据库系统的概念设计)

Application Developer(应用开发人员)

■ design and code for functions modules of application system.(负责应用系统功能模块的设计与编码实现)

■ is responsible for system debug and system deployment.(负责系统调试与系统部署)

4、Database Architecture(数据库的体系结构)

External Architecture(外部体系结构)

is divided by single-user architecture[单用户结构], master-slave architecture[主从式结构], distributed architecture[分布式结构] and client-server architecture[客户/服务器结构].

Internal Architectur(内部体系结构):

usually adopt three-level architecture.(通常采用三级体系结构)

Model: A model is a representation of  ‘real world’ objects and events,  and their associations. (模型是对现实世界中各种事物或事件以及它们之间联系的描述).

Date Model:Data model is an integrated collection of concepts for describing and manipulating data, relationships between data, and constraints on the data in an organization. (数据模型是一系列概念的集合,这些概念用来描述数据、对数据的操作以及数据之间的联系、作用在数据之上的约束条件等)

A data model can be thought of as comprising three components

 a structural part (data structure)(数据结构)

 a manipulative part (data manipulation)(数据操作)

 a set of integrity rules (data integrity constraint)(数据的完整性约束)

 Conceptual model(概念模型)

 Used to describe data independently of any system (独立于任何系统)

 Purpose is to represent the concepts of the real world (描述现实世界)

 Used in early stages of database design (在数据库设计早期使用)

 Conceptual model use concepts such as entity(实体), attribute(属性)and relationship(联系):

● Entity (实体)
-- An entity is a distinct object (a person, place, thing, concept, event). in the organization that is to be represented in the database. (实体是需要在数据库中表示的可区分的客观的对象,包括人、地点、概念、事件等).

● Attribute (属性)
-- An attribute is a property that describes some aspect of the object that we wish to record. (实体的属性用于描述对象某些方面特性).

● Relationship (联系)
-- A relationship is an association between entities. (联系是实体之间的关系).

Logical model(逻辑模型)

 Used in DBMS for the organization of data at a level that abstracts from physical structures. (在DBMS中用于组织数据,它从数据的物理结构中进行抽象)

 In a Logical (record-based) data model, the database consists of a number of fixed-format records [记录] possibly of different types.(在逻辑(基于记录的)数据模型中,数据库由若干固定格式的记录组成,这些记录可能属于不同的类型。)

 Each record type defines a fixed number of fields [字段] , each field is typically of a fixed length(每种记录类型定义了固定数量的字段,每个字段通常为固定长度。)

 There are three principal types of record-based logical data model(基于记录的逻辑数据模型主要有三种类型):

-- relational model (关系模型)

-- network model (网状模型)

-- hierarchical model (层次模型)

 Physical model(物理模型)

 Physical model describe how data is stored in the computer, representing information such as record structures, record orderings, and access paths. (物理模型描述数据如何存储在计算机中,包括记录的结构信息、记录的顺序、以及存取路径等

5、Schema and Instance(模式和实例)

The overall description of the database is called the database schema. 
(对数据库的全局描述称为数据库模式)

The data in the database at any particular point in time is called a database instance. (某一时刻数据库中的数据称为数据库实例)

Relationship and Difference

SchemaisIntension[内涵],Instanceis Extension[外延]

 Schema is specified during database design process, and does not change frequently.

 Instance in database may change frequently.

Many database instances can correspond to the same database schema.

 There are several reasons why this separation is desirable:

数据库存储结构的改变不会影响用户视图。

数据库概念结构的改变不会影响用户视图。

数据库的内模式不会受到物理存储因素的影响。

6、External Level (外层)

Consists of multi-user views (external schema 外模式 or sub-schema 子模式) of database.

7、Conceptual Level (概念层)

Consists of a conceptual schema 概念模式 (or logical schema 逻辑模式 or schema 模式) of database.

8、Internal Level (内层)

Consists of an internal schema (内模式) of database.

内层下面就是由OS管理的物理层。

数据库内层通过OS进行数据存储、创建索引、检索数据等操作。

9、 Conceptual/Internal Mapping(概念模式与内模式映像)

概念模式通过概念模式/内模式映象与内模式关联。

该映象使得DBMS能够在物理存储器中找到与概念模式中逻辑记录相对应的实际物理记录或物理记录的组合,以及作用在逻辑记录之上的所有约束条件。

10、Data Independence (数据独立性)

(1) Logical data independence [逻辑数据独立性]
(2) Physical data independence [物理数据独立性]

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