容器管理工具Containerd

**一、**Containerd介绍

• 早在2016年3月，Docker 1.11的Docker Engine里就包含了containerd，而现在则是把containerd

  从Docker Engine里彻底剥离出来，作为一个独立的开源项目独立发展，目标是提供一个更加开

  放、稳定的容器运行基础设施。和原先包含在Docker Engine里containerd相比，独立的

  containerd将具有更多的功能，可以涵盖整个容器运行时管理的所有需求。

• containerd并不是直接面向最终用户的，而是主要用于集成到更上层的系统里，比如Swarm,

  Kubernetes, Mesos等容器编排系统。

• containerd以Daemon的形式运行在系统上，通过暴露底层的gRPC API，上层系统可以通过这些

  API管理机器上的容器。

• 每个containerd只负责一台机器，Pull镜像，对容器的操作（启动、停止等），网络，存储都是由

  containerd完成。具体运行容器由runC负责，实际上只要是符合OCI规范的容器都可以支持。

• 对于容器编排服务来说，运行时只需要使用containerd+runC，更加轻量，容易管理。

• 独立之后containerd的特性演进可以和Docker Engine分开，专注容器运行时管理，可以更稳定。

**二、**Containerd安装

操作系统: CentOS Stream 8

1.YUM方式安装

基于 CentOS-Stream-8模板制作.md 制作的模板克隆一台虚拟机命名为Containerd

安装必要工具

[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2
vim

安装Containerd

# 1.获取阿里云YUM源
[root@localhost ~]# yum-config-manager --add-repo
https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
[root@localhost ~]# yum makecache
# 2.查看YUM源中Containerd软件
[root@localhost ~]# yum list | grep containerd
containerd.io.x86_64 1.6.32-3.1.el8
docker-ce-stable
# 3.安装Containerd.io软件，即可安装Containerd
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install containerd.io
# 4.使用rpm -qa命令查看是否安装
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep containerd
containerd.io-1.6.32-3.1.el8.x86_64
# 5.设置containerd服务启动及开机自启动
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable containerd --now
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status containerd
# 6.验证
# 安装Containerd时ctr命令亦可使用，ctr命令主要用于管理容器及容器镜像等。
# 使用ctr命令查看Containerd客户端及服务端相关信息
[root@localhost ~]# ctr version
Client:
Version: 1.6.32
Revision: 8b3b7ca2e5ce38e8f31a34f35b2b68ceb8470d89
Go version: go1.21.10
Server:
Version: 1.6.32
Revision: 8b3b7ca2e5ce38e8f31a34f35b2b68ceb8470d89
UUID: 979940af-68e0-4681-a560-189eeaefbdfc

2.二进制方式安装

Containerd有两种安装包：

• 第一种是containerd-xxx,这种包用于单机测试没问题，不包含runC，需要提前安装。

• 第二种是cri-containerd-cni-xxxx，包含runc和k8s里的所需要的相关文件。k8s集群里需要用到此

  包。虽然包含runC，但是依赖系统中的seccomp（安全计算模式，是一种限制容器调用系统资源的

  模式。）

# 1.下载Containerd安装包
# 此处是下载的第二种
[root@localhost ~]# wget
https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/download/v1.6.32/cricontainerd-cni-1.6.32-linux-amd64.tar.gz
# 2.安装containerd
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir containerd
[root@localhost ~]# tar xf cri-containerd-cni-1.6.32-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C
containerd/
[root@localhost ~]# cd containerd/
[root@localhost containerd]# ls
cri-containerd.DEPRECATED.txt etc opt usr
[root@localhost containerd]# tree
.
├── cri-containerd.DEPRECATED.txt
├── etc #etc目录主要为containerd服务管理配置文件及cni虚拟网卡配置文件
│ ├── cni
│ │ └── net.d
│ │ └── 10-containerd-net.conflist #网络插件配置文件
│ ├── crictl.yaml
│ └── systemd
│ └── system
│ └── containerd.service #服务配置文件
├── opt #opt目录主要为gce环境中使用containerd配置文件
及cni插件
│ ├── cni #网络插件
│ │ └── bin
│ │ ├── bandwidth
│ │ ├── bridge
│ │ ├── dhcp
│ │ ├── firewall
│ │ ├── host-device
│ │ ├── host-local
│ │ ├── ipvlan
│ │ ├── loopback
│ │ ├── macvlan
│ │ ├── portmap
│ │ ├── ptp
│ │ ├── sbr
│ │ ├── static
│ │ ├── tuning
│ │ ├── vlan
│ │ └── vrf
│ └── containerd
│ └── cluster
│ ├── gce
│ │ ├── cloud-init
│ │ │ ├── master.yaml
│ │ │ └── node.yaml
│ │ ├── cni.template
│ │ ├── configure.sh
│ │ └── env
│ └── version
└── usr #usr目录主要为containerd运行时文件，包含runc
└── local # bin,sbin命令
├── bin
│ ├── containerd
│ ├── containerd-shim
│ ├── containerd-shim-runc-v1
│ ├── containerd-shim-runc-v2
│ ├── containerd-stress
│ ├── crictl
│ ├── critest
│ ├── ctd-decoder
│ └── ctr
└── sbin
└── runc
16 directories, 36 files
#查看containerd.service文件，了解containerd文件安装位置
[root@localhost containerd]# cat etc/systemd/system/containerd.service
# Copyright The containerd Authors.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
[Unit]
Description=containerd container runtime
Documentation=https://containerd.io
After=network.target local-fs.target
[Service]
ExecStartPre=-/sbin/modprobe overlay
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/containerd #查看此位置,把containerd二进制文件放置于此处即
可完成安装。
Type=notify
Delegate=yes
KillMode=process
Restart=always
RestartSec=5
# Having non-zero Limit*s causes performance problems due to accounting overhead
# in the kernel. We recommend using cgroups to do container-local accounting.
LimitNPROC=infinity
LimitCORE=infinity
LimitNOFILE=infinity
# Comment TasksMax if your systemd version does not supports it.
# Only systemd 226 and above support this version.
TasksMax=infinity
OOMScoreAdjust=-999
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
#复制containerd运行时文件至系统
[root@localhost containerd]# cp usr/local/bin/* /usr/local/bin
#添加containerd.service文件至系统
[root@localhost containerd]# cp etc/systemd/system/containerd.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service
# 生成containerd模块配置文件，可以自定义一下配置，如有私有镜像仓库等，按需配置
[root@localhost containerd]# mkdir /etc/containerd
[root@localhost containerd]# containerd config default >
/etc/containerd/config.toml
[root@localhost containerd]# cat /etc/containerd/config.toml
disabled_plugins = []
imports = []
oom_score = 0
plugin_dir = ""
required_plugins = []
root = "/var/lib/containerd"
state = "/run/containerd"
temp = ""
version = 2
[cgroup]
path = ""
[debug]
address = ""
format = ""
gid = 0
level = ""
uid = 0
[grpc]
address = "/run/containerd/containerd.sock"
gid = 0
max_recv_message_size = 16777216
max_send_message_size = 16777216
tcp_address = ""
tcp_tls_ca = ""
tcp_tls_cert = ""
tcp_tls_key = ""
uid = 0
[metrics]
address = ""
grpc_histogram = false
[plugins]
[plugins."io.containerd.gc.v1.scheduler"]
deletion_threshold = 0
mutation_threshold = 100
pause_threshold = 0.02
schedule_delay = "0s"
startup_delay = "100ms"
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri"]
device_ownership_from_security_context = false
disable_apparmor = false
disable_cgroup = false
disable_hugetlb_controller = true
disable_proc_mount = false
disable_tcp_service = true
drain_exec_sync_io_timeout = "0s"
enable_selinux = false
enable_tls_streaming = false
enable_unprivileged_icmp = false
enable_unprivileged_ports = false
ignore_deprecation_warnings = []
ignore_image_defined_volumes = false
max_concurrent_downloads = 3
max_container_log_line_size = 16384
netns_mounts_under_state_dir = false
restrict_oom_score_adj = false
sandbox_image = "registry.k8s.io/pause:3.6"
selinux_category_range = 1024
stats_collect_period = 10
stream_idle_timeout = "4h0m0s"
stream_server_address = "127.0.0.1"
stream_server_port = "0"
systemd_cgroup = false
tolerate_missing_hugetlb_controller = true
unset_seccomp_profile = ""
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".cni]
bin_dir = "/opt/cni/bin"
conf_dir = "/etc/cni/net.d"
conf_template = ""
ip_pref = ""
max_conf_num = 1
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd]
default_runtime_name = "runc"
disable_snapshot_annotations = true
discard_unpacked_layers = false
ignore_rdt_not_enabled_errors = false
no_pivot = false
snapshotter = "overlayfs"
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.default_runtime]
base_runtime_spec = ""
cni_conf_dir = ""
cni_max_conf_num = 0
container_annotations = []
pod_annotations = []
privileged_without_host_devices = false
runtime_engine = ""
runtime_path = ""
runtime_root = ""
runtime_type = ""
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.default_runtime.options]
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes]
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc]
base_runtime_spec = ""
cni_conf_dir = ""
cni_max_conf_num = 0
container_annotations = []
pod_annotations = []
privileged_without_host_devices = false
runtime_engine = ""
runtime_path = ""
runtime_root = ""
runtime_type = "io.containerd.runc.v2"
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options]
BinaryName = ""
CriuImagePath = ""
CriuPath = ""
CriuWorkPath = ""
IoGid = 0
IoUid = 0
NoNewKeyring = false
NoPivotRoot = false
Root = ""
ShimCgroup = ""
SystemdCgroup = false
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.untrusted_workload_runtime]
base_runtime_spec = ""
cni_conf_dir = ""
cni_max_conf_num = 0
container_annotations = []
pod_annotations = []
privileged_without_host_devices = false
runtime_engine = ""
runtime_path = ""
runtime_root = ""
runtime_type = ""
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.untrusted_workload_runtime.option
s]
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".image_decryption]
key_model = "node"
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry]
config_path = ""
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.auths]
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.configs]
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.headers]
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors]
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".x509_key_pair_streaming]
tls_cert_file = ""
tls_key_file = ""
[plugins."io.containerd.internal.v1.opt"]
path = "/opt/containerd"
[plugins."io.containerd.internal.v1.restart"]
interval = "10s"
[plugins."io.containerd.internal.v1.tracing"]
[plugins."io.containerd.metadata.v1.bolt"]
content_sharing_policy = "shared"
[plugins."io.containerd.monitor.v1.cgroups"]
no_prometheus = false
[plugins."io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux"]
no_shim = false
runtime = "runc"
runtime_root = ""
shim = "containerd-shim"
shim_debug = false
[plugins."io.containerd.runtime.v2.task"]
platforms = ["linux/amd64"]
sched_core = false
[plugins."io.containerd.service.v1.diff-service"]
default = ["walking"]
[plugins."io.containerd.service.v1.tasks-service"]
rdt_config_file = ""
[plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.aufs"]
root_path = ""
[plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.btrfs"]
root_path = ""
[plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.devmapper"]
async_remove = false
base_image_size = ""
discard_blocks = false
fs_options = ""
fs_type = ""
pool_name = ""
root_path = ""
[plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.native"]
root_path = ""
[plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.overlayfs"]
mount_options = []
root_path = ""
sync_remove = false
upperdir_label = false
[plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.zfs"]
root_path = ""
[plugins."io.containerd.tracing.processor.v1.otlp"]
[proxy_plugins]
[stream_processors]
[stream_processors."io.containerd.ocicrypt.decoder.v1.tar"]
accepts = ["application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+encrypted"]
args = ["--decryption-keys-path", "/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/keys"]
env =
["OCICRYPT_KEYPROVIDER_CONFIG=/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/ocicrypt_keyprovider.conf"
]
path = "ctd-decoder"
returns = "application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar"
[stream_processors."io.containerd.ocicrypt.decoder.v1.tar.gzip"]
accepts = ["application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+gzip+encrypted"]
args = ["--decryption-keys-path", "/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/keys"]
env =
["OCICRYPT_KEYPROVIDER_CONFIG=/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/ocicrypt_keyprovider.conf"
]
path = "ctd-decoder"
returns = "application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+gzip"
[timeouts]
"io.containerd.timeout.bolt.open" = "0s"
"io.containerd.timeout.shim.cleanup" = "5s"
"io.containerd.timeout.shim.load" = "5s"
"io.containerd.timeout.shim.shutdown" = "3s"
"io.containerd.timeout.task.state" = "2s"
[ttrpc]
address = ""
gid = 0
uid = 0
#启动containerd并验证
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable containerd --now
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status containerd
[root@localhost ~]# ctr version
Client:
Version: v1.6.32
Revision: 8b3b7ca2e5ce38e8f31a34f35b2b68ceb8470d89
Go version: go1.21.10
Server:
Version: v1.6.32
Revision: 8b3b7ca2e5ce38e8f31a34f35b2b68ceb8470d89
UUID: 3ece67b1-4d8e-4059-afae-b837672ede83

2. 安装runC

由于二进制包中提供的runC默认需要系统中安装seccomp支持，需要单独安装，且不同版本runC对

seccomp版本要求一致，所以建议单独下载runC 二进制包进行安装，里面包含了seccomp模块支持

下载地址：https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases

# 使用wget下载runc
[root@localhost ~]# wget
https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases/download/v1.3.0/runc.amd64
# 安装runc
[root@localhost ~]# mv runc.amd64 /usr/sbin/runc
# 为runc添加可执行权限
[root@localhost ~]# chmod +x /usr/sbin/runc
# 使用runc命令验证是否安装成功
[root@localhost ~]# runc -v
runc version 1.3.0
commit: v1.3.0-0-g4ca628d1
spec: 1.2.1
go: go1.23.8
libseccomp: 2.5.6

**三、**Containerd容器镜像管理

**3.1.**帮助命令

docker使用docker images命令管理镜像

单机containerd使用ctr images命令管理镜像,containerd本身的CLI

k8s中containerd使用crictl images命令管理镜像,Kubernetes社区的专用CLI工具

#命令帮助
[root@localhost ~]# ctr --help
NAME:
ctr -
__
_____/ /______
/ ___/ __/ ___/
/ /__/ /_/ /
\___/\__/_/
containerd CLI
USAGE:
ctr [global options] command [command options] [arguments...]
VERSION:
v1.6.32
DESCRIPTION:
ctr is an unsupported debug and administrative client for interacting
with the containerd daemon. Because it is unsupported, the commands,
options, and operations are not guaranteed to be backward compatible or
stable from release to release of the containerd project.
COMMANDS:
plugins, plugin provides information about containerd plugins
version print the client and server versions
containers, c, container manage containers
content manage content
events, event display containerd events
images, image, i manage images
leases manage leases
namespaces, namespace, ns manage namespaces
pprof provide golang pprof outputs for containerd
run run a container
snapshots, snapshot manage snapshots
tasks, t, task manage tasks
install install a new package
oci OCI tools
deprecations
shim interact with a shim directly
help, h Shows a list of commands or help for one command
GLOBAL OPTIONS:
--debug enable debug output in logs
--address value, -a value address for containerd's GRPC server (default:
"/run/containerd/containerd.sock") [$CONTAINERD_ADDRESS]
--timeout value total timeout for ctr commands (default: 0s)
--connect-timeout value timeout for connecting to containerd (default:
0s)
--namespace value, -n value namespace to use with commands (default:
"default") [$CONTAINERD_NAMESPACE]
--help, -h show help
--version, -v print the version
# 子命令帮助
[root@localhost ~]# ctr images --help
NAME:
ctr images - manage images
USAGE:
ctr images command [command options] [arguments...]
COMMANDS:
check check existing images to ensure all content is
available locally
export export images
import import images
list, ls list images known to containerd
mount mount an image to a target path
unmount unmount the image from the target
pull pull an image from a remote
push push an image to a remote
delete, del, remove, rm remove one or more images by reference
tag tag an image
label set and clear labels for an image
convert convert an image
OPTIONS:
--help, -h show help

3.2.查看镜像

[root@docker ~]# ctr images list
REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS
[root@docker ~]# ctr images ls
REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS
[root@docker ~]# ctr image list
REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS
[root@docker ~]# ctr image ls
REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS
[root@docker ~]# ctr i list
REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS
[root@docker ~]# ctr i ls
REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS

**3.3.**下载镜像

containerd支持oci标准的镜像，所以可以直接使用docker官方或dockerfile构建的镜像

# 这里ctr命令pull镜像时，不能直接把镜像名字写成nginx:alpine
[root@localhost ~]# ctr images pull
054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:lates
t
# 验证现象
[root@localhost ~]# ctr image ls
REF
TYPE DIGEST
SIZE PLATFORMS
LABELS
054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:lates
t application/vnd.oci.image.index.v1+json
sha256:84ec966e61a8c7846f509da7eb081c55c1d56817448728924a87ab32f12a72fb 68.9 MiB
linux/386,linux/amd64,linux/arm/v5,linux/arm/v7,linux/arm64/v8,linux/mips64le,lin
ux/ppc64le,linux/s390x,unknown/unknown -

3.4.镜像挂载

方便查看镜像中包含的内容

# 挂载
[root@localhost ~]# ctr images mount
054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:lates
t /mnt
sha256:3c1159cd77f83ede793fc21502ae30b39b04378b6b1b625451d701d555cc1cb9
/mnt
# 查看挂载
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt
bin boot dev docker-entrypoint.d docker-entrypoint.sh etc home lib lib64
media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var
# 卸载
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt

3.5.镜像导出

#--platform linux/amd64,导出指定平台镜像
[root@localhost ~]# ctr i export --platform linux/amd64 nginx.tar
054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:lates
t
[root@localhost ~]# ls
nginx.tar

3.6.镜像删除

# ctr image rm帮助
[root@localhost ~]# ctr image rm --help
NAME:
ctr images delete - remove one or more images by reference
USAGE:
ctr images delete [command options] [flags] <ref> [<ref>, ...]
DESCRIPTION:
remove one or more images by reference
OPTIONS:
--sync Synchronously remove image and all associated resources
# 删除指定镜像
[root@localhost ~]# ctr image rm
054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:lates
t
054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:lates
t
# 验证现象
[root@localhost ~]# ctr image ls
REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS

3.7.镜像导入

# 导入镜像
[root@localhost ~]# ctr images import --platform linux/amd64 nginx.tar
unpacking
054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:lates
t
(sha256:84ec966e61a8c7846f509da7eb081c55c1d56817448728924a87ab32f12a72fb)...done
# 验证现象
[root@localhost ~]# ctr image ls
REF
TYPE DIGEST
SIZE PLATFORMS
LABELS
054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:lates
t application/vnd.oci.image.index.v1+json
sha256:84ec966e61a8c7846f509da7eb081c55c1d56817448728924a87ab32f12a72fb 68.9 MiB
linux/386,linux/amd64,linux/arm/v5,linux/arm/v7,linux/arm64/v8,linux/mips64le,lin
ux/ppc64le,linux/s390x,unknown/unknown -

3.8.修改镜像tag

# 把054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:latest 修改为 nginx:latest
[root@localhost ~]# ctr images tag
054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:lates
t nginx:latest
nginx:latest
# 验证现象
[root@localhost ~]# ctr image ls
REF
TYPE DIGEST
SIZE PLATFORMS
LABELS
054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:lates
t application/vnd.oci.image.index.v1+json
sha256:84ec966e61a8c7846f509da7eb081c55c1d56817448728924a87ab32f12a72fb 68.9 MiB
linux/386,linux/amd64,linux/arm/v5,linux/arm/v7,linux/arm64/v8,linux/mips64le,lin
ux/ppc64le,linux/s390x,unknown/unknown -
nginx:latest
application/vnd.oci.image.index.v1+json
sha256:84ec966e61a8c7846f509da7eb081c55c1d56817448728924a87ab32f12a72fb 68.9 MiB
linux/386,linux/amd64,linux/arm/v5,linux/arm/v7,linux/arm64/v8,linux/mips64le,lin
ux/ppc64le,linux/s390x,unknown/unknown -

四、Containerd容器管理

1.获取命令帮助
[root@localhost ~]# ctr --help #ctr命令帮助
NAME:
ctr -
__
_____/ /______
/ ___/ __/ ___/
/ /__/ /_/ /
\___/\__/_/
containerd CLI
USAGE:
ctr [global options] command [command options] [arguments...]
VERSION:
v1.6.32
DESCRIPTION:
ctr is an unsupported debug and administrative client for interacting
with the containerd daemon. Because it is unsupported, the commands,
options, and operations are not guaranteed to be backward compatible or
stable from release to release of the containerd project.
COMMANDS:
plugins, plugin provides information about containerd plugins
version print the client and server versions
containers, c, container manage containers
content manage content
events, event display containerd events
images, image, i manage images
leases manage leases
namespaces, namespace, ns manage namespaces
pprof provide golang pprof outputs for containerd
run run a container
snapshots, snapshot manage snapshots
tasks, t, task manage tasks
install install a new package
oci OCI tools
deprecations
shim interact with a shim directly
help, h Shows a list of commands or help for one command
GLOBAL OPTIONS:
--debug enable debug output in logs
--address value, -a value address for containerd's GRPC server (default:
"/run/containerd/containerd.sock") [$CONTAINERD_ADDRESS]
--timeout value total timeout for ctr commands (default: 0s)
--connect-timeout value timeout for connecting to containerd (default:
0s)
--namespace value, -n value namespace to use with commands (default:
"default") [$CONTAINERD_NAMESPACE]
--help, -h show help
--version, -v print the version
[root@localhost ~]# ctr container --help 
#获取创建静态容器命令帮助 使用`ctr container create `命令创建容器后，容器并没有处于运行状态，其只是一个静态的容器。这个 container 对象只是包含了运行一个容器所需的资源及配置的数据结构，例如： namespaces、rootfs 和容器的配置都已经初始化成功了，只是用户进程(本案例为nginx)还没有启动。需要使用`ctr tasks`命令才能获取一个动态容器。
NAME:
ctr containers - manage containers
USAGE:
ctr containers command [command options] [arguments...]
COMMANDS:
create create container
delete, del, remove, rm delete one or more existing containers
info get info about a container
list, ls list containers
label set and clear labels for a container
checkpoint checkpoint a container
restore restore a container from checkpoint
OPTIONS:
--help, -h show help
[root@localhost ~]# ctr run --help # 使用`ctr run命令可以创建一个静态容器
并使其运行。一步到位运行容器。
NAME:
ctr run - run a container
USAGE:
ctr run [command options] [flags] Image|RootFS ID [COMMAND] [ARG...]
OPTIONS:
--rm remove the container after running,
cannot be used with --detach
--null-io send all IO to /dev/null
--log-uri value log uri
--detach, -d detach from the task after it has
started execution, cannot be used with --rm
--fifo-dir value directory used for storing IO FIFOs
--cgroup value cgroup path (To disable use of cgroup,
set to "" explicitly)
--platform value run image for specific platform
--cni enable cni networking for the
container
--runc-binary value specify runc-compatible binary
--runc-root value specify runc-compatible root
--runc-systemd-cgroup start runc with systemd cgroup manager
--uidmap container-uid:host-uid:length run inside a user namespace with the
specified UID mapping range; specified with the format container-uid:hostuid:length
--gidmap container-gid:host-gid:length run inside a user namespace with the
specified GID mapping range; specified with the format container-gid:hostgid:length
--remap-labels provide the user namespace ID
remapping to the snapshotter via label options; requires snapshotter support
--cpus value set the CFS cpu quota (default: 0)
--cpu-shares value set the cpu shares (default: 1024)
--snapshotter value snapshotter name. Empty value stands
for the default value. [$CONTAINERD_SNAPSHOTTER]
--snapshotter-label value labels added to the new snapshot for
this container.
--config value, -c value path to the runtime-specific spec
config file
--cwd value specify the working directory of the
process
--env value specify additional container
environment variables (e.g. FOO=bar)
--env-file value specify additional container
environment variables in a file(e.g. FOO=bar, one per line)
--label value specify additional labels (e.g.
foo=bar)
--annotation value specify additional OCI annotations
(e.g. foo=bar)
--mount value specify additional container mount
(e.g. type=bind,src=/tmp,dst=/host,options=rbind:ro)
--net-host enable host networking for the
container
--privileged run privileged container
--read-only set the containers filesystem as
readonly
--runtime value runtime name (default:
"io.containerd.runc.v2")
--runtime-config-path value optional runtime config path
--tty, -t allocate a TTY for the container
--with-ns value specify existing Linux namespaces to
join at container runtime (format '<nstype>:<path>')
--pid-file value file path to write the task's pid
--gpus value add gpus to the container
--allow-new-privs turn off OCI spec's NoNewPrivileges
feature flag
--memory-limit value memory limit (in bytes) for the
container (default: 0)
--device value file path to a device to add to the
container; or a path to a directory tree of devices to add to the container
--cap-add value add Linux capabilities (Set
capabilities with 'CAP_' prefix)
--cap-drop value drop Linux capabilities (Set
capabilities with 'CAP_' prefix)
--seccomp enable the default seccomp profile
--seccomp-profile value file path to custom seccomp profile.
seccomp must be set to true, before using seccomp-profile
--apparmor-default-profile value enable AppArmor with the default
profile with the specified name, e.g. "cri-containerd.apparmor.d"
--apparmor-profile value enable AppArmor with an existing
custom profile
--rdt-class value name of the RDT class to associate the
container with. Specifies a Class of Service (CLOS) for cache and memory
bandwidth management.
--rootfs use custom rootfs that is not managed
by containerd snapshotter
--no-pivot disable use of pivot-root (linux only)
--cpu-quota value Limit CPU CFS quota (default: -1)
--cpu-period value Limit CPU CFS period (default: 0)
--rootfs-propagation value set the propagation of the container
rootfs
2.查看容器(container表示静态容器，可用c缩写代表container)
[root@localhost ~]# ctr container ls # 可以简写为 ctr c ls
CONTAINER IMAGE RUNTIME
3.查看任务(task表示容器里跑的进程, 可用t缩写代表task)
[root@localhost ~]# ctr task ls # 可以简写为 ctr t ls
TASK PID STATUS
4.创建静态容器
[root@localhost ~]# ctr container create nginx:latest nginx1
[root@localhost ~]# ctr container ls
CONTAINER IMAGE RUNTIME
nginx1 nginx:latest io.containerd.runc.v2
[root@localhost ~]# ctr container info nginx1
5.静态容器启动为动态容器
[root@localhost ~]# ctr task ls
TASK PID STATUS
[root@localhost ~]# ctr task start -d nginx1 #启动task，即表示在容器中运行了进
程，即为动态容器 -d 后台
[root@localhost ~]# ctr task ls #容器是以宿主机进程的方式存在的
TASK PID STATUS
nginx1 22614 RUNNING
[root@localhost ~]# ps aux | grep 22614
root 22614 0.0 0.0 11468 7196 ? Ss 15:40 0:00 nginx: master
process nginx -g daemon off;
root 22969 0.0 0.0 12216 1104 pts/0 S+ 15:41 0:00 grep --
color=auto 22614
6.进入容器操作
[root@localhost ~]# ctr task exec --exec-id $RANDOM -t nginx1 /bin/sh #为exec进
程设定一个id，可以随意输入，只要保证唯一即可，也可使用$RANDOM变量
#
7.直接运行一个动态容器
[root@localhost ~]# ctr run -d --net-host nginx:latest nginx2 # --net-host 代
表容器的IP就是宿主机的IP(相当于docker里的host类型网络)
8.暂停容器
[root@localhost ~]# ctr tasks pause nginx2
[root@localhost ~]# ctr task ls
TASK PID STATUS
nginx1 22614 RUNNING
nginx2 25569 PAUSED #状态为PAUSED，表示暂停
9.恢复容器
[root@localhost ~]# ctr tasks resume nginx2
[root@localhost ~]# ctr task ls
TASK PID STATUS
nginx1 22614 RUNNING
nginx2 25569 RUNNING #恢复RUNNING
10.停止容器
[root@localhost ~]# ctr tasks kill nginx2
[root@localhost ~]# ctr tasks ls
TASK PID STATUS
nginx1 22614 RUNNING
nginx2 25569 STOPPED #容器停止后STATUS为STOPPED
11.删除容器
[root@localhost ~]# ctr tasks delete nginx2 #必须先停止tasks或先删除task，再删除容
器
[root@localhost ~]# ctr tasks ls
TASK PID STATUS
nginx1 22614 RUNNING
[root@localhost ~]# ctr container ls # 查看静态容器，确认其还存在于系统中
CONTAINER IMAGE RUNTIME
nginx1 nginx:latest io.containerd.runc.v2
nginx2 nginx:latest io.containerd.runc.v2
[root@localhost ~]# ctr container delete nginx2
[root@localhost ~]# ctr container ls
CONTAINER IMAGE RUNTIME
nginx1 nginx:latest io.containerd.runc.v2

五、Containerd使用私有容器镜像仓库 Harbor

# 手动在containerd宿主机上添加此配置信息,如果域名解析已存在忽略
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/hosts
192.168.108.30 my.harbor.com
# harbor仓库需要提前在192.168.108.30上部署(参考docker教案)，镜像需要提前传到harbor上，如果
没有使用https可以使用--plain-http 指定http协议
[root@localhost ~]# ctr image pull --plain-http 192.168.108.30/cloud/nginx:latest
# 上传镜像到Harbor
[root@localhost ~]# ctr images tag nginx:latest my.harbor.com/cloud/nginx:latest
[root@localhost ~]# ctr image push --platform linux/amd64 --plain-http --user
"images_admin:Cloud12#$" my.harbor.com/cloud/nginx:latest
manifest-sha256:6533ddd664582430971e93e69cf343e3bfffceadeaaa97d4379c4d7a29f21d47:
done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
config-sha256:2cd1d97f893f70cee86a38b7160c30e5750f3ed6ad86c598884ca9c6a563a501:
done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
elapsed: 0.1 s

六、Containerd NameSpace管理

containerd中namespace的作用为隔离运行的容器，可以实现运行多个容器

1.列出已有namespace
[root@localhost ~]# ctr namespace ls
NAME LABELS
default #containerd默认工作在default命名空间
[root@docker ~]# ctr namespace ls #在docker环境中打
NAME LABELS
default
moby #docker默认工作在moby空间
2.创建namespace
[root@localhost ~]# ctr namespace create myns
[root@localhost ~]# ctr namespace create testns
[root@localhost ~]# ctr namespace ls
NAME LABELS
default
myns
testns
3.删除namespace
[root@localhost ~]# ctr namespace rm testns
testns
[root@localhost ~]# ctr namespace ls
NAME LABELS
default
myns
4.查看指定namespace中镜像
[root@localhost ~]# ctr -n myns images ls
REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS
5.查看指定namespace中是否有用户进程在运行
[root@localhost ~]# ctr -n myns tasks ls
TASK PID STATUS
6.在指定namespace中下载容器镜像
[root@localhost ~]# ctr -n myns images pull
054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:lates
t
[root@localhost ~]# ctr -n myns images ls
REF
TYPE DIGEST
SIZE PLATFORMS
LABELS
054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:lates
t application/vnd.oci.image.index.v1+json
sha256:84ec966e61a8c7846f509da7eb081c55c1d56817448728924a87ab32f12a72fb 68.9 MiB
linux/386,linux/amd64,linux/arm/v5,linux/arm/v7,linux/arm64/v8,linux/mips64le,lin
ux/ppc64le,linux/s390x,unknown/unknown -
7.在指定namespace中创建静态容器
[root@localhost ~]# ctr -n myns container create
054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:lates
t mynginx
8.查看在指定namespace中创建的容器
[root@localhost ~]# ctr -n myns container ls
CONTAINER IMAGE
RUNTIME
mynginx
054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com/library/nginx:lates
t io.containerd.runc.v2
[root@localhost ~]# ctr -n myns task start -d mynginx
[root@localhost ~]# ctr -n myns tasks ls
TASK PID STATUS
mynginx 5873 RUNNING

七、nerdctl 实践

nerdctl 安装

我们推荐使用 nerdctl 管理containerd，命令语法与 docker 一致。

截止 2023-05-24 最新版本是 v 1.4.0
github项目地址：https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl/releases
cni插件项目地址：https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases

# 下载并安装
[root@localhost ~]# wget
https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl/releases/download/v1.4.0/nerdctl-1.4.0-
linux-amd64.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# tar -xf nerdctl-1.4.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C /usr/bin/
# 配置nerdctl命令自动补全
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl completion bash > /etc/bash_completion.d/nerdctl
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/bash_completion.d/nerdctl
# 下载nerdctl所需要的cni插件
[root@localhost ~]# wget
https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v1.3.0/cniplugins-linux-amd64-v1.3.0.tgz
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /opt/cni/bin
[root@localhost ~]# tar -xf cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.3.0.tgz -C /opt/cni/bin

如果nerdctl补全是报错信息如下：

_get_comp_words_by_ref: command not found

解决方法：安装 bash-completion

[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y bash-completion

配置镜像加速

#编辑containerd的配置文件config.toml，如果不存在，需要手动生成，方法 containerd configdefault > /etc/containerd/config.toml，在配置文件中搜索关键字“config_path”，在其下面添加镜像加速参数
[root@docker ~]# containerd config default > /etc/containerd/config.toml
[root@control ~]# vim /etc/containerd/config.toml
146 [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry]
147 config_path = "/etc/containerd/certs.d" #配置这里
[root@control ~]# mkdir -p /etc/containerd/certs.d/docker.io
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/containerd/certs.d/docker.io/hosts.toml
server = "https://054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com"
[host."https://054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com"]
capabilities = ["pull", "resolve"]
#重启containerd服务生效
[root@control ~]# systemctl restart containerd

nerdctl 管理镜像

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image <tab><tab>
build (Build an image from a Dockerfile. Needs buildkitd to be running.)
convert (convert an image)
decrypt (decrypt an image)
encrypt (encrypt image layers)
history (Show the history of an image)
inspect (Display detailed information on one or more images.)
load (Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN)
ls (List images)
prune (Remove unused images)
pull (Pull an image from a registry. Optionally specify "ipfs://" or
"ipns://" scheme to pull image from IPFS.)
push (Push an image or a repository to a registry. Optionally specify
"ipfs://" or "ipns://" scheme to push image to IPFS.)
rm (Remove one or more images)
save (Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by
default))
tag (Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE)

ls

作用：查看本地镜像清单。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image ls
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED PLATFORM SIZE BLOB SIZE
# 可简写如下
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl images

pull

作用：从网络上下载镜像。

示例：

#下载镜像busybox
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image pull busybox
# 可简写如下下载httpd
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl pull httpd
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image ls
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED PLATFORM SIZE
BLOB SIZE
busybox latest f9a104fddb33 19 minutes ago linux/amd64 4.1 MiB
2.1 MiB
httpd latest fbc12199ccad 44 seconds ago linux/amd64 152.4
MiB 55.8 MiB

rm

作用：删除本地不用的镜像。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image rm httpd
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl rmi busybox
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED PLATFORM SIZE
BLOB SIZE
busybox latest f9a104fddb33 19 minutes ago linux/amd64 4.1 MiB
2.1 MiB

tag

作用：给镜像打标签。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl tag busybox busybox_containerd
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED PLATFORM
SIZE BLOB SIZE
busybox latest f9a104fddb33 34 minutes ago linux/amd64
4.1 MiB 2.1 MiB
busybox_containerd latest f9a104fddb33 3 seconds ago linux/amd64
4.1 MiB 2.1 MiB

ave

作用：将本地镜像导出为文件。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image save busybox -o busybox.tar
# 可简写为
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl save busybox -o busybox.tar
# 删除镜像
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image rm busybox
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED PLATFORM
SIZE BLOB SIZE
busybox_containerd latest f9a104fddb33 57 seconds ago linux/amd64
4.1 MiB 2.1 MiB

load

作用：导入tar文件中镜像。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image load -i busybox.tar
# 可简写为
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl load -i busybox.tar
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED PLATFORM
SIZE BLOB SIZE
busybox latest f9a104fddb33 7 seconds ago linux/amd64
4.1 MiB 2.1 MiB
busybox_containerd latest f9a104fddb33 About a minute ago linux/amd64
4.1 MiB 2.1 MiB

history

作用：查看镜像构建时的历史命令层次结构。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image history busybox
SNAPSHOT
CREATED CREATED BY SIZE COMMENT
sha256:65014c70e84b6817fac42bb201ec5c1ea460a8da246cac0e481f5c9a9491eac0 10
months ago BusyBox 1.37.0 (glibc), Debian 12 4.1 MiB

inspect

作用：查看镜像详细信息。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image inspect busybox
[
{
"Id":
"sha256:6d3e4188a38af91b0c1577b9e88c53368926b2fe0e1fb985d6e8a70040520c4d",
"RepoTags": [
"busybox:latest"
],
"RepoDigests": [
"busybox@sha256:f9a104fddb33220ec80fc45a4e606c74aadf1ef7a3832eb0b05be9e90cd61f5f
"
],
"Comment": "",
"Created": "2024-09-26T21:31:42Z",
"Author": "",
"Config": {
"AttachStdin": false,
"Env": [
"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
],
"Cmd": [
"sh"
]
},
"Architecture": "amd64",
"Os": "linux",
"Size": 4337664,
"RootFS": {
"Type": "layers",
"Layers": [
"sha256:65014c70e84b6817fac42bb201ec5c1ea460a8da246cac0e481f5c9a9491eac0"
]
},
"Metadata": {
"LastTagTime": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
}
}
]

prune

作用：删除所有未使用的镜像。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image prune --all --force
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image ls
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED PLATFORM SIZE BLOB SIZE
[root@localhost ~]#

nerdctl 管理容器

帮助信息

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container --help
Manage containers
Usage: nerdctl container [flags]
Commands:
commit Create a new image from a container's changes
cp Copy files/folders between a running container and the local
filesystem.
create Create a new container. Optionally specify "ipfs://" or "ipns://"
scheme to pull image from IPFS.
exec Run a command in a running container
inspect Display detailed information on one or more containers.
kill Kill one or more running containers
logs Fetch the logs of a container. Expected to be used with 'nerdctl run -
d'.
ls List containers
pause Pause all processes within one or more containers
port List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
prune Remove all stopped containers
rename rename a container
restart Restart one or more running containers
rm Remove one or more containers
run Run a command in a new container. Optionally specify "ipfs://" or
"ipns://" scheme to pull image from IPFS.
start Start one or more running containers
stop Stop one or more running containers
unpause Unpause all processes within one or more containers
update Update one or more running containers
wait Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes.
Flags:
-h, --help help for container
See also 'nerdctl --help' for the global flags such as '--namespace', '--
snapshotter', and '--cgroup-manager'.

ls

作用：查看容器清单。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
# 可简写为
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
# 使用-a选项查看所有容器，包括未运行的
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES

常用选项：

• -a, --all Show all containers (default shows just running)
• f, --filter strings Filter matches containers based on given conditions
• –format string Format the output using the given Go template, e.g, ‘{{json .}}’, ‘wide’

run

作用：创建并运行容器。

示例：

# 语法：
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl run --help
Run a command in a new container. Optionally specify "ipfs://" or "ipns://"
scheme to pull image from IPFS.
Usage: nerdctl run [flags] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container run -it ubuntu
root@0da9aad32119:/# exit
exit
# 可简写为
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl run -it ubuntu
# 容器状态为Exited
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED
STATUS PORTS NAMES
0da9aad32119 docker.io/library/ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 3 minutes ago
Exited (130) 2 minutes ago ubuntu-0da9a

常用选项：

• –cpu-shares uint CPU shares (relative weight)

• –cpus float Number of CPUs

• -d, --detach Run container in background and print container ID

• –dns strings Set custom DNS servers

• -e, --env stringArray Set environment variables

• -h, --hostname string Container host name

• i, --interactive Keep STDIN open even if not attached

• –ip string Pv4 address to assign to the container

• –mac-address string MAC address to assign to the container

• m, --memory string Memory limit

• –name string Assign a name to the container

• –net strings Connect a container to a network (“bridge”|“host”|“none”|) (default [bridge])

• –network strings Connect a container to a network (“bridge”|“host”|“none”|“container:”|)

  (default [bridge])

• –privileged Give extended privileges to this container

• –pull string Pull image before running (“always”|“missing”|“never”) (default “missing”)

• –restart string Restart policy to apply when a container exits (implemented values: no"|“always|on-failure:n|unless-stopped”) (default “no”)

• –rm Automatically remove the container when it exits

• –runtime string Runtime to use for this container, e.g.

• –stop-signal string Signal to stop a container (default “SIGTERM”)

• –stop-timeout Timeout (in seconds) to stop a containe

• -t, --tty Allocate a pseudo-TTY

• v, --volume Bind mount a volume

rm

作用：删除容器。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container rm 0da9aad32119
0da9aad32119
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES

prune

作用：删除所有未运行的容器。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container run ubuntu
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container run ubuntu
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED
STATUS PORTS NAMES
3778651cfacb docker.io/library/ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 5 seconds ago
Exited (0) 5 seconds ago ubuntu-37786
3e8221845ab4 docker.io/library/ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 11 seconds ago
Exited (0) 11 seconds ago ubuntu-3e822
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container prune --force
Deleted Containers:
3778651cfacba1cd489b065ff7017b272b9edddc71211e2a6e567d9d0ec8ac54
3e8221845ab479f18a091c04443d26632946c9ced264c21a490f6b3052bde0b2

rename

作用：重命名容器。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container run --name ubuntu-1 ubuntu
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED
STATUS PORTS NAMES
61384145427a docker.io/library/ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 13 seconds ago
Exited (0) 13 seconds ago ubuntu-1
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container rename ubuntu-1 ubuntu
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED
STATUS PORTS NAMES
61384145427a docker.io/library/ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 26 seconds ago
Exited (0) 26 seconds ago ubuntu
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container rm ubuntu
ubuntu

stop 和 start

作用：停止和启动容器。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container run -d --name nginx1 nginx
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls --format "{{.Names}} {{.Status}}"
nginx1 Up
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container stop nginx1
nginx1
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls --format "{{.Names}} {{.Status}}" -a
nginx1 Exited (0) 13 seconds ago
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container start nginx1
nginx1
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls --format "{{.Names}} {{.Status}}"
nginx1 Up

restart

作用：重启容器。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container restart nginx1
nginx1

pause 和 unpause

作用：暂停和取消挂起容器。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container pause nginx1
nginx1
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls --format "{{.Names}} {{.Status}}" -a
nginx1 Paused
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container unpause nginx1
nginx1
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls --format "{{.Names}} {{.Status}}" -a
nginx1 Up

kill

作用：给容器发信号，默认发KILL信号。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container kill nginx1
945c89b61aafc3475317e8801ad8526fdf337b038bfa315472e4c723bf5406f1
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls -a --format "{{.Names}} {{.Status}}"
nginx1 Exited (137) 8 seconds ago

exec

作用：在运行的容器内部执行命令。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container start nginx1
nginx1
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container exec -it nginx1 bash
root@945c89b61aaf:/# exit
exit

cp

作用：将宿主机文件复制给容器。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container cp /etc/hostname nginx1:
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container exec nginx1 ls hostname
hostname

思考：如果容器中的文件拷贝给宿主机该如何操作

inspect

作用：查看容器详细信息。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container inspect nginx1
[
{
"Id": "945c89b61aafc3475317e8801ad8526fdf337b038bfa315472e4c723bf5406f1",
"Created": "2025-08-02T14:07:36.213384887Z",
"Path": "/docker-entrypoint.sh",
"Args": [
"nginx",
"-g",
"daemon off;"
],
"State": {
"Status": "running",
"Running": true,
"Paused": false,
"Restarting": false,
"Pid": 49359,
"ExitCode": 0,
"Error": "",
"FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
},
"Image": "docker.io/library/nginx:latest",
"ResolvConfPath":
"/var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/containers/default/945c89b61aafc3475317e8801ad8526fdf3
37b038bfa315472e4c723bf5406f1/resolv.conf",
"HostnamePath":
"/var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/containers/default/945c89b61aafc3475317e8801ad8526fdf3
37b038bfa315472e4c723bf5406f1/hostname",
"LogPath":
"/var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/containers/default/945c89b61aafc3475317e8801ad8526fdf3
37b038bfa315472e4c723bf5406f1/945c89b61aafc3475317e8801ad8526fdf337b038bfa315472e
4c723bf5406f1-json.log",
"Name": "nginx1",
"RestartCount": 0,
"Driver": "overlayfs",
"Platform": "linux",
"AppArmorProfile": "",
"Mounts": null,
"Config": {
"Hostname": "945c89b61aaf",
"AttachStdin": false,
"Labels": {
"containerd.io/restart.explicitly-stopped": "false",
"io.containerd.image.config.stop-signal": "SIGQUIT",
"nerdctl/extraHosts": "null",
"nerdctl/hostname": "945c89b61aaf",
"nerdctl/log-uri": "binary:///usr/bin/nerdctl?
_NERDCTL_INTERNAL_LOGGING=%2Fvar%2Flib%2Fnerdctl%2F1935db59",
"nerdctl/name": "nginx1",
"nerdctl/namespace": "default",
"nerdctl/networks": "[\"bridge\"]",
"nerdctl/platform": "linux/amd64",
"nerdctl/state-dir":
"/var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/containers/default/945c89b61aafc3475317e8801ad8526fdf3
37b038bfa315472e4c723bf5406f1"
}
},
"NetworkSettings": {
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"IPAddress": "10.4.0.15",
"IPPrefixLen": 24,
"MacAddress": "32:81:21:fb:b4:72",
"Networks": {
"unknown-eth0": {
"IPAddress": "10.4.0.15",
"IPPrefixLen": 24,
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"MacAddress": "32:81:21:fb:b4:72"
}
}
}
}
]
[root@localhost ~]#

logs

作用：显示容器console终端内容。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container logs nginx1
/docker-entrypoint.sh: /docker-entrypoint.d/ is not empty, will attempt to
perform configuration
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Looking for shell scripts in /docker-entrypoint.d/
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/10-listen-on-ipv6-bydefault.sh
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: IPv6 listen already enabled
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Sourcing /docker-entrypoint.d/15-local-resolvers.envsh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/20-envsubst-on-templates.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/30-tune-worker-processes.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Configuration complete; ready for start up
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: using the "epoll" event method
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: nginx/1.29.0
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: built by gcc 12.2.0 (Debian 12.2.0-14+deb12u1)
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: OS: Linux 4.18.0-553.6.1.el8.x86_64
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE): 1024:1024
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: start worker processes
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 22
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 23
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 24
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 25

port

作用：显示宿主机和容器之间端口映射关系。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container run --name nginx -d -p 8080:80 nginx
2d0923e9f7c816d9fc8f5fa30b1be332c90fff0e354c981b919fc67bd1f97101
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container port nginx
80/tcp -> 0.0.0.0:8080

commit

作用：将容器提交为镜像。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl commit nginx nginx_containerd
sha256:6e60d18c9e7f7968f49edfacae16e39df2a995d3119b0b23356fd501cd8348a6
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED PLATFORM
SIZE BLOB SIZE
nginx latest 84ec966e61a8 17 minutes ago linux/amd64
194.4 MiB 68.9 MiB
nginx_containerd latest d59a30a56f7f 3 seconds ago linux/amd64
194.4 MiB 68.9 MiB
ubuntu latest a08e551cb338 26 minutes ago linux/amd64
81.1 MiB 28.4 MiB

nerdctl 管理网络

Containerd 中的网络与Docker类似，所有网络接口默认都是虚拟接口。
当使用nerdctl创建容器时，nerdctl命令会创建一个名称为bridge的Linux网桥（其上有一个nerdctl0内部接口），利用了Linux虚拟网络技术，在本地主机和容器内分别创建一个虚拟接口，并让它们彼此连通（这样的一对接口叫做veth pair）。Containerd 默认指定了nerdctl0接口的IP地址和子网掩码，让主机和容器之间可以通过网桥相互通信。
示例

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl run -d busybox -- sleep infinity
b721795e02103578656152662f414e88f32191e64976ccafe60c4af10a8fa8c8
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED
STATUS PORTS NAMES
b721795e0210 docker.io/library/busybox:latest "sleep infinity" 12
seconds ago Up busybox-b7217
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl exec busybox-b7217 -- ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0@if5: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP,M-DOWN> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue
link/ether f6:fc:0b:35:5e:2c brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.4.0.18/24 brd 10.4.0.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::f4fc:bff:fe35:5e2c/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@localhost ~]#

容器内看到的网卡名： 2: eth0@if5 ，@if5代表对端是5号网卡。

[root@localhost ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group
default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:a7:b8:a7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
altname enp3s0
inet 192.168.108.30/24 brd 192.168.108.255 scope global noprefixroute ens160
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fea7:b8a7/64 scope link noprefixroute
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: nerdctl0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP
group default qlen 1000
link/ether 3a:1a:93:b7:ea:d7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.4.0.1/24 brd 10.4.0.255 scope global nerdctl0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::381a:93ff:feb7:ead7/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
5: veth790d9140@if2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue
master nerdctl0 state UP group default
link/ether 3a:fa:0e:fd:27:5b brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0
inet6 fe80::38fa:eff:fefd:275b/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

对应容器主机的网卡： 5: veth790d9140@if2 ， @if2 代表对端容器内对应2号网卡。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl network ls
NETWORK ID NAME FILE
17f29b073143 bridge /etc/cni/net.d/nerdctl-bridge.conflist
host
none
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl network inspect bridge
[
{
"Name": "bridge",
"Id": "17f29b073143d8cd97b5bbe492bdeffec1c5fee55cc1fe2112c8b9335f8b6121",
"IPAM": {
"Config": [
{
"Subnet": "10.4.0.0/24",
"Gateway": "10.4.0.1"
}
]
},
"Labels": {
"nerdctl/default-network": "true"
}
}
]
# 主机中nerdctl0就是容器的网关
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show nerdctl0
3: nerdctl0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP
group default qlen 1000
link/ether 3a:1a:93:b7:ea:d7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.4.0.1/24 brd 10.4.0.255 scope global nerdctl0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::381a:93ff:feb7:ead7/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

目前 Containerd 网桥是Linux网桥，用户可以使用 brctl show 命令查看网桥和端口连接信息。

[root@localhost ~]# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
nerdctl0 8000.3a1a93b7ead7 no veth790d9140

nerdctl network 命令使用帮助

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl network --help
Manage networks
Usage: nerdctl network [flags]
Commands:
create Create a network
inspect Display detailed information on one or more networks
ls List networks
prune Remove all unused networks
rm Remove one or more networks
Flags:
-h, --help help for network
See also 'nerdctl --help' for the global flags such as '--namespace', '--
snapshotter', and '--cgroup-manager'.

nerdctl 管理存储

nerdctl volume 命令使用帮助

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl volume --help
Manage volumes
Usage: nerdctl volume [flags]
Commands:
create Create a volume
inspect Display detailed information on one or more volumes
ls List volumes
prune Remove all unused local volumes
rm Remove one or more volumes
Flags:
-h, --help help for volume
See also 'nerdctl --help' for the global flags such as '--namespace', '--
snapshotter', and '--cgroup-manager'.

nerdctl 命令创建容器的时候，可以使用 -v 选项将本地目录挂载给容器实现数据持久化。

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /data
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl run -d -v /data:/data busybox -- sleep infinity
d00a1646169a199e3038851f86b82bff03ac2db6ffd8ea3e875789d2a6d1a000
[root@localhost ~]# touch /data/f1
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl exec busybox-d00a1 -- ls /data
f1

nerdctl 命令创建容器的时候，也可以使用 -v 选项指定volume。

# 直接写容器目录，会自动生成目录
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl run -d -v /data busybox -- sleep infinity
29c94622886a219c93b5f6cd1c1ab190f998c66e3b4cbce75437507803b82eea
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl exec busybox-29c94 -- touch /data/f2
#在/var/lib/nerdctl/xx/volumes/default/xx/_data/f2
#指定宿主机生成的目录名为data
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl run -d -v data:/data busybox -- sleep infinity
1b1fc00e88471a5abd8787bae438ab8d5ab08f4ec4fa073805407f9fffe2fe73
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl exec busybox-1b1fc -- touch /data/f3
# 生成data名字的卷
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl volume ls
VOLUME NAME DIRECTORY
0c70033c26bcf456d9a0dc3f7dfe723f232e48dee2c8898bf987f8aeebacc1c7
/var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/volumes/default/0c70033c26bcf456d9a0dc3f7dfe723f232e48d
ee2c8898bf987f8aeebacc1c7/_data
data
/var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/volumes/default/data/_data
[root@localhost ~]# ls
/var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/volumes/default/0c70033c26bcf456d9a0dc3f7dfe723f232e48d
ee2c8898bf987f8aeebacc1c7/_data
f2
[root@localhost ~]# ls /var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/volumes/default/data/_data
f3

nerdctl 管理命名空间

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl namespace
Unrelated to Linux namespaces and Kubernetes namespaces
Usage: nerdctl namespace [flags]
Aliases: namespace, ns
Commands:
create Create a new namespace
inspect Display detailed information on one or more namespaces.
ls List containerd namespaces
remove Remove one or more namespaces
update Update labels for a namespace
Flags:
-h, --help help for namespace
See also 'nerdctl --help' for the global flags such as '--namespace', '--
snapshotter', and '--cgroup-manager'.

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl namespace ls
NAME CONTAINERS IMAGES VOLUMES LABELS
default 10 4 2

八、crictl 实践

crictl 命令介绍

crictl 命令是遵循 CRI 接口规范的一个命令行工具，通常用它来检查和管理 kubelet 节点上的容器运

行时和镜像。在kubernetes集群环境中，当我们执行 kubectl 命令式， kubelet 代理会自动调用crictl命令管理镜像和容器。

手动执行 crictl 命令时，一般用于查看镜像和容器。

crictl 命令安装

配置kubernetes源

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes-new/core/stable/v1.30/rpm/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetesnew/core/stable/v1.30/rpm/repodata/repomd.xml.key

安装CRI命令

[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y cri-tools

crictl 命令配置

使用 crictl 命令之前，需要先配置 /etc/crictl.yaml 。
示例：配置crictl后端运行时使用containerd。

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/crictl.yaml
runtime-endpoint: unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock
image-endpoint: unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock
timeout: 5
debug: false

也可以通过命令进行设置：

[root@localhost ~]# crictl config runtime-endpoint
unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock
[root@localhost ~]# crictl config image-endpoint
unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock

更多命令操作，可以直接在命令行输入命令查看帮助。

[root@localhost ~]# crictl config --help
NAME:
crictl config - Get and set crictl client configuration options
USAGE:
crictl config [command options] [<crictl options>]
EXAMPLE:
crictl config --set debug=true
CRICTL OPTIONS:
runtime-endpoint: Container runtime endpoint
image-endpoint: Image endpoint
timeout: Timeout of connecting to server (default: 2s)
debug: Enable debug output (default: false)
pull-image-on-create: Enable pulling image on create requests (default:
false)
disable-pull-on-run: Disable pulling image on run requests (default: false)
OPTIONS:
--get value show the option value
--list show all option value (default: false)
--set value [ --set value ] set option (can specify multiple or separate
values with commas: opt1=val1,opt2=val2)
--help, -h show help

crictl 命令实践

帮助信息

[root@localhost ~]# crictl
NAME:
crictl - client for CRI
USAGE:
crictl [global options] command [command options]
VERSION:
v1.30.1
COMMANDS:
attach Attach to a running container
create Create a new container
exec Run a command in a running container
version Display runtime version information
images, image, img List images
inspect Display the status of one or more containers
inspecti Return the status of one or more images
imagefsinfo Return image filesystem info
inspectp Display the status of one or more pods
logs Fetch the logs of a container
port-forward Forward local port to a pod
ps List containers
pull Pull an image from a registry
run Run a new container inside a sandbox
runp Run a new pod
rm Remove one or more containers
rmi Remove one or more images
rmp Remove one or more pods
pods List pods
start Start one or more created containers
info Display information of the container runtime
stop Stop one or more running containers
stopp Stop one or more running pods
update Update one or more running containers
config Get and set crictl client configuration options
stats List container(s) resource usage statistics
statsp List pod statistics. Stats represent a structured API that
will fulfill the Kubelet's /stats/summary endpoint.
metricsp List pod metrics. Metrics are unstructured key/value pairs
gathered by CRI meant to replace cAdvisor's /metrics/cadvisor endpoint.

completion Output shell completion code
checkpoint Checkpoint one or more running containers
runtime-config Retrieve the container runtime configuration
events, event Stream the events of containers
help, h Shows a list of commands or help for one command
GLOBAL OPTIONS:
--config value, -c value Location of the client config file.
If not specified and the default does not exist, the program's directory is
searched as well (default: "/etc/crictl.yaml") [$CRI_CONFIG_FILE]
--debug, -D Enable debug mode (default: false)
--enable-tracing Enable OpenTelemetry tracing.
(default: false)
--image-endpoint value, -i value Endpoint of CRI image manager
service (default: uses 'runtime-endpoint' setting) [$IMAGE_SERVICE_ENDPOINT]
--runtime-endpoint value, -r value Endpoint of CRI container runtime
service (default: uses in order the first successful one of
[unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock unix:///run/crio/crio.sock
unix:///var/run/cri-dockerd.sock]). Default is now deprecated and the endpoint
should be set instead. [$CONTAINER_RUNTIME_ENDPOINT]
--timeout value, -t value Timeout of connecting to the server
in seconds (e.g. 2s, 20s.). 0 or less is set to default (default: 2s)
--tracing-endpoint value Address to which the gRPC tracing
collector will send spans to. (default: "127.0.0.1:4317")
--tracing-sampling-rate-per-million value Number of samples to collect per
million OpenTelemetry spans. Set to 1000000 or -1 to always sample. (default: -1)
--help, -h show help
--version, -v print the version

案列

[root@localhost ~]# crictl pull httpd
Image is up to date for
sha256:65005131d37e90347c3259856d51f35c505d260c308f2b7d0fc020a841dd1220
[root@localhost ~]# crictl images
IMAGE TAG IMAGE ID SIZE
docker.io/library/httpd latest 65005131d37e9 45.2MB

镜像命令

• images, image, img List images
• pull Pull an image from a registry
• inspecti Return the status of one or more images
• imagefsinfo Return image filesystem info
• rmi Remove one or more images

容器命令

• ps List containers
• create Create a new container
• run Run a new container inside a sandbox
• inspect Display the status of one or more containers
• info Display information of the container runtime
• attach Attach to a running containe
• exec Run a command in a running container"
• logs Fetch the logs of a container
• update Update one or more running containers
• stats List container(s) resource usage statistics
• checkpoint Checkpoint one or more running containers
• start Start one or more created containers
• stop Stop one or more running containers
• rm Remove one or more containers

pod命令

• pods List pods
• runp Run a new pod
• inspectp Display the status of one or more pods
• statsp List pod resource usage statistics
• port-forward Forward local port to a pod
• stopp Stop one or more running pods
• rmp Remove one or more pods

其他命令

• version Display runtime version information
• config Get and set crictl client configuration options
• completion Output shell completion code
• help, h Shows a list of commands or help for one command

九、OpenStack 运维高频命令（桌面速查版）

一、Keystone（用户 / 项目 / 权限）

项目

openstack project list
openstack project create 项目名
openstack project delete 项目名

用户

openstack user list
openstack user create --password 密码 --project 项目名 用户名
openstack user set --password 新密码 用户名
openstack user delete 用户名

角色授权

openstack role list
openstack role add --user 用户名 --project 项目名 admin
openstack role assignment list --user 用户名

二、Glance（镜像）

openstack image list
openstack image create --file 镜像文件 --disk-format qcow2 --public 镜像名
openstack image set --public 镜像名
openstack image delete 镜像名

三、Nova（虚拟机）

实例管理

openstack server list
openstack server create --image 镜像 --flavor 规格 --network 网络 虚拟机名
openstack server start 虚拟机名
openstack server stop 虚拟机名
openstack server restart 虚拟机名
openstack server delete 虚拟机名
openstack server show 虚拟机名

计算节点

四、Cinder（云硬盘）

openstack volume list
openstack volume create --size 大小 硬盘名
openstack volume attach 硬盘名 虚拟机名
openstack volume detach 硬盘名
openstack volume delete 硬盘名
openstack volume set --size 新大小 硬盘名

五、Neutron（网络）

网络 / 子网

openstack network list
openstack network create 内网名
openstack subnet create --network 内网名 --subnet-range 网段 子网名
openstack network create --external 外网名

浮动 IP

openstack floating ip list
openstack floating ip create 外网名
openstack floating ip set --port 端口 浮动IP

安全组

openstack security group list
openstack security group rule create --proto tcp --dst-port 22 default
openstack security group rule create --proto icmp default

六、服务与排查

# 查所有OpenStack服务状态
systemctl status openstack-*

# 重启服务
systemctl restart openstack-服务名

# 查看日志（实时）
tail -f /var/log/nova/nova-scheduler.log
tail -f /var/log/keystone/keystone.log