原文：http://blog.csdn.net/god_wot/article/details/50448814

Linux内核从2.6.13开始，引入了inotify机制。通过intofity机制，能够对文件系统的变化进行监控，如对文件进行创建、删除、修改等操作，可以及时通知应用程序进行相关事件的处理。这种响应处理机制，避免了频繁的文件轮询任务，提高了任务的处理效率。

一、检查系统内核版本

    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ ~]# uname -a  
    Linux iZ25w1kdi5zZ 2.6.32-431.23.3.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Jul 31 17:20:51 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux  

二、检查系统是否支持inotify

    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ ~]# ls -lsart /proc/sys/fs/inotify  
    total 0  
    0 dr-xr-xr-x 0 root root 0 Sep 19 09:38 ..  
    0 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan  1 13:51 max_user_watches  
    0 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan  1 13:51 max_user_instances  
    0 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan  1 13:51 max_queued_events  
    0 dr-xr-xr-x 0 root root 0 Jan  1 13:51 .  

如果出现上面结果说明系统支持inotify。

三、下载安装

    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ src]#wget http://github.com/downloads/rvoicilas/inotify-tools/inotify-tools-3.14.tar.gz  
      
    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ src]# tar -zvxf inotify-tools-3.14.tar.gz  
    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ src]# cd inotify-tools-3.14  
      
    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ inotify-tools-3.14]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/inotify  
    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ inotify-tools-3.14]# make  
    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ inotify-tools-3.14]# make install  

[root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ bin]# sysctl -a | grep max_queued_events  
fs.inotify.max_queued_events = 16384  
  
[root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ bin]# sysctl -a | grep max_user_watches  
fs.inotify.max_user_watches = 8192  
fs.epoll.max_user_watches = 798863  
  
[root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ bin]# sysctl -a | grep max_user_instances  
fs.inotify.max_user_instances = 128  

1、命令修改

    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ bin]# sysctl -w fs.inotify.max_user_instances=130  
    fs.inotify.max_user_instances = 130  

    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf  
    #添加如下代码  
    fs.inotify.max_user_instances=130  

max_user_instances：每个用户创建inotify实例最大值

max_queued_events：inotify队列最大长度，如果值太小，会出现错误，导致监控文件不准确

max_user_watches：要知道同步的文件包含的目录数，可以用：[root@iZ25w1kdi5zZhome]# find /home/rain -type d|wc -l 统计，必须保证参数值大于统计结果（/home/rain为同步文件目录）。

六、创建实时监控脚本

    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ ~]# mkdir -p /opt/scripts  
      
    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ ~]# cd /opt/scripts  
      
    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ scripts]# vi inotify_start.sh  
    /usr/local/inotify/bin/inotifywait -mrq -e modify,create,move,delete \  
    --fromfile '/opt/scripts/ffile' \  
    --timefmt '%y-%m-%d %H:%M' --format '%T %f %e' \  
    --outfile '/tmp/rsync.log'  

    inotifywait常用参数：  
    --timefmt 时间格式  
    %y年 %m月 %d日 %H小时 %M分钟  
    --format 输出格式  
    %T时间 %w路径 %f文件名 %e状态  
    -m 始终保持监听状态，默认触发事件即退出。  
    -r 递归查询目录  
    -q 打印出监控事件  
    -e 定义监控的事件，可用参数：  
    open 打开文件  
    access 访问文件  
    modify 修改文件  
    delete 删除文件  
    create 新建文件  
    attrb  属性变更  

    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ scripts]# vi ffile  
    /home/rain/  
    @/home/rain/cache  

[root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ scripts]#  ./inotify_start.sh

[root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ ~]# cd /home/rain  
[root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ rain]# mkdir yy  

[root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ rain]# cat /tmp/rsync.log  
16-01-02 16:21 yy CREATE,ISDIR 

七、附录

1、inotifywait

使用方法和参数说明：

    [root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ bin]# ./inotifywait -h  
    inotifywait 3.14  
    Wait for a particular event on a file or set of files.  
    Usage: inotifywait [ options ] file1 [ file2 ] [ file3 ] [ ... ]  
    Options:  
            -h|--help       Show this help text.  
            @<file>         Exclude the specified file from being watched.  
            --exclude <pattern>  
                            Exclude all events on files matching the  
                            extended regular expression <pattern>.  
            --excludei <pattern>  
                            Like --exclude but case insensitive.  
            -m|--monitor    Keep listening for events forever.  Without  
                            this option, inotifywait will exit after one  
                            event is received.  
            -d|--daemon     Same as --monitor, except run in the background  
                            logging events to a file specified by --outfile.  
                            Implies --syslog.  
            -r|--recursive  Watch directories recursively.  
            --fromfile <file>  
                            Read files to watch from <file> or `-' for stdin.  
            -o|--outfile <file>  
                            Print events to <file> rather than stdout.  
            -s|--syslog     Send errors to syslog rather than stderr.  
            -q|--quiet      Print less (only print events).  
            -qq             Print nothing (not even events).  
            --format <fmt>  Print using a specified printf-like format  
                            string; read the man page for more details.  
            --timefmt <fmt> strftime-compatible format string for use with  
                            %T in --format string.  
            -c|--csv        Print events in CSV format.  
            -t|--timeout <seconds>  
                            When listening for a single event, time out after  
                            waiting for an event for <seconds> seconds.  
                            If <seconds> is 0, inotifywait will never time out.  
            -e|--event <event1> [ -e|--event <event2> ... ]  
                    Listen for specific event(s).  If omitted, all events are   
                    listened for.  
      
    Exit status:  
            0  -  An event you asked to watch for was received.  
            1  -  An event you did not ask to watch for was received  
                  (usually delete_self or unmount), or some error occurred.  
            2  -  The --timeout option was given and no events occurred  
                  in the specified interval of time.  
      
    Events:  
            access          file or directory contents were read  
            modify          file or directory contents were written  
            attrib          file or directory attributes changed  
            close_write     file or directory closed, after being opened in  
                            writeable mode  
            close_nowrite   file or directory closed, after being opened in  
                            read-only mode  
            close           file or directory closed, regardless of read/write mode  
            open            file or directory opened  
            moved_to        file or directory moved to watched directory  
            moved_from      file or directory moved from watched directory  
            move            file or directory moved to or from watched directory  
            create          file or directory created within watched directory  
            delete          file or directory deleted within watched directory  
            delete_self     file or directory was deleted  
            unmount         file system containing file or directory unmounted  

使用方法和参数说明：

[root@iZ25w1kdi5zZ bin]# ./inotifywatch -h  
inotifywatch 3.14  
Gather filesystem usage statistics using inotify.  
Usage: inotifywatch [ options ] file1 [ file2 ] [ ... ]  
Options:  
        -h|--help       Show this help text.  
        -v|--verbose    Be verbose.  
        @<file>         Exclude the specified file from being watched.  
        --fromfile <file>  
                Read files to watch from <file> or `-' for stdin.  
        --exclude <pattern>  
                Exclude all events on files matching the extended regular  
                expression <pattern>.  
        --excludei <pattern>  
                Like --exclude but case insensitive.  
        -z|--zero  
                In the final table of results, output rows and columns even  
                if they consist only of zeros (the default is to not output  
                these rows and columns).  
        -r|--recursive  Watch directories recursively.  
        -t|--timeout <seconds>  
                Listen only for specified amount of time in seconds; if  
                omitted or 0, inotifywatch will execute until receiving an  
                interrupt signal.  
        -e|--event <event1> [ -e|--event <event2> ... ]  
                Listen for specific event(s).  If omitted, all events are   
                listened for.  
        -a|--ascending <event>  
                Sort ascending by a particular event, or `total'.  
        -d|--descending <event>  
                Sort descending by a particular event, or `total'.  
  
Exit status:  
        0  -  Exited normally.  
        1  -  Some error occurred.  
  
Events:  
        access          file or directory contents were read  
        modify          file or directory contents were written  
        attrib          file or directory attributes changed  
        close_write     file or directory closed, after being opened in  
                        writeable mode  
        close_nowrite   file or directory closed, after being opened in  
                        read-only mode  
        close           file or directory closed, regardless of read/write mode  
        open            file or directory opened  
        moved_to        file or directory moved to watched directory  
        moved_from      file or directory moved from watched directory  
        move            file or directory moved to or from watched directory  
        create          file or directory created within watched directory  
        delete          file or directory deleted within watched directory  
        delete_self     file or directory was deleted  
        unmount         file system containing file or directory unmounted