什么是docker

docker中的容器：

lxc --> libcontainer --> runC

OCI&OCF

OCI

Open Container-initiative

由Linux基金会主导于2015年6月创立
旨在围绕容器格式和运行时制定一个开放的工业化标准
包含两个规格

运行时规范(runtime-spec)

形象规范(image-spec)

OCF

打开容器格式

runC是一个CLI工具，用于根据OCI规范生成和运行容器

容器作为runC的子进程启动，可以嵌入到各种其他系统中，而不需要运行守护进程

runC是基于libcontainer构建的，同样的容器技术为数百万的Docker引擎安装提供了动力

docker提供了一个专门容纳容器镜像的站点：https://hub.docker.com

docker架构

docker镜像与镜像仓库

为什么镜像仓库名字是Registry而不是repository？在docker中仓库的名字是以应用的名称取名的。

镜像是静态的，而容器是动态的，容器有其生命周期，镜像与容器的关系类似于程序与进程的关系。镜像类似于文件系统中的程序文件，而容器则类似于将一个程序运行起来的状态，也即进程。所以容器是可以删除的，容器被删除后其镜像是不会被删除的。

docker对象

当你使用docker时，你正在创建和使用镜像、容器、网络、卷、插件和其他对象。

• 镜像
  映像是一个只读模板，它带有创建docker容器的指令。
  通常，一个映像基于另一个映像，并具有一些额外的自定义。
  您可以创建自己的映像，也可以只使用其他人创建并在注册表中发布的映像。

• 容器
  容器是映像的可运行实例。
  您可以通过docker API或CLI创建、运行、停止、移动或删除容器。
  您可以将容器连接到一个或多个网络，将存储连接到它，甚至根据它的当前状态创建一个新映像。

安装及使用docker

docker安装

[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# curl -o docker-ce.repo https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100  1919  100  1919    0     0   3748      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  3740
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS-Stream-AppStream.repo         CentOS-Stream-Media.repo
CentOS-Stream-BaseOS.repo            CentOS-Stream-PowerTools.repo
CentOS-Stream-Debuginfo.repo         CentOS-Stream-RealTime.repo
CentOS-Stream-Extras.repo            docker-ce.repo
CentOS-Stream-HighAvailability.repo

// 改成清华大学的源
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's@https://download.docker.com@https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/docker-ce@g' docker-ce.repo

[root@localhost ~]# yum clean all
28 文件已删除
[root@localhost ~]# yum makecache

[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install docker-ce

docker加速

docker-ce的配置文件是/etc/docker/daemon.json，此文件默认不存在，需要我们手动创建并进行配置，而docker的加速就是通过配置此文件来实现的。

docker的加速有多种方式：

• docker cn
• 中国科技大学加速器
• 阿里云加速器（需要通过阿里云开发者平台注册帐号，免费使用个人私有的加速器）
  
  

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now docker
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service.
[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/docker/
key.json

[root@localhost ~]# tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
> {
>   "registry-mirrors": ["https://arq8p4a6.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
> }
> EOF
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://arq8p4a6.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}

//重启生效
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart docker
[root@localhost ~]# docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           20.10.11
 API version:       1.41
 Go version:        go1.16.9
 Git commit:        dea9396
 Built:             Thu Nov 18 00:36:58 2021
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Context:           default
 Experimental:      true

Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          20.10.11
  API version:      1.41 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.16.9
  Git commit:       847da18
  Built:            Thu Nov 18 00:35:20 2021
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:
  Version:          1.4.12
  GitCommit:        7b11cfaabd73bb80907dd23182b9347b4245eb5d
 runc:
  Version:          1.0.2
  GitCommit:        v1.0.2-0-g52b36a2
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.19.0
  GitCommit:        de40ad0

[root@localhost ~]# docker info
···················
 Insecure Registries:
  127.0.0.0/8
 Registry Mirrors:
  https://arq8p4a6.mirror.aliyuncs.com/      <--------加速器
 Live Restore Enabled: false

docker常用操作

命令	功能
docker search	在Docker Hub中搜索镜像
docker pull	从注册表中拉出映像或存储库
docker images	列出镜像
docker create	创建一个新的容器
docker start	启动一个或多个停止的容器
docker run	在新容器中运行命令
docker attach	连接到正在运行的容器上
docker ps	列出容器
docker logs	获取容器的日志
docker restart	重新启动容器
docker stop	停止一个或多个正在运行的容器
docker kill	杀死一个或多个正在运行的容器
docker rm	删除一个或多个容器
docker exec	在正在运行的容器中运行命令
docker info	显示系统范围的信息
docker inspect	返回有关Docker对象的信息

docker search

[root@localhost ~]# docker search nginx
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
nginx                             Official build of Nginx.                        15899     [OK]       
jwilder/nginx-proxy               Automated Nginx reverse proxy for docker con…   2098                 [OK]
richarvey/nginx-php-fpm           Container running Nginx + PHP-FPM capable of…   819                  [OK]
jc21/nginx-proxy-manager          Docker container for managing Nginx proxy ho…   285                  
linuxserver/nginx                 An Nginx container, brought to you by LinuxS…   160                  
tiangolo/nginx-rtmp               Docker image with Nginx using the nginx-rtmp…   146                  [OK]
jlesage/nginx-proxy-manager       Docker container for Nginx Proxy Manager        144                  [OK]
alfg/nginx-rtmp                   NGINX, nginx-rtmp-module and FFmpeg from sou…   110                  [OK]
nginxdemos/hello                  NGINX webserver that serves a simple page co…   79                   [OK]
privatebin/nginx-fpm-alpine       PrivateBin running on an Nginx, php-fpm & Al…   60                   [OK]
nginx/nginx-ingress               NGINX and  NGINX Plus Ingress Controllers fo…   57                   
nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged       Unprivileged NGINX Dockerfiles                  54                   
nginxproxy/nginx-proxy            Automated Nginx reverse proxy for docker con…   28                   
staticfloat/nginx-certbot         Opinionated setup for automatic TLS certs lo…   25                   [OK]
nginx/nginx-prometheus-exporter   NGINX Prometheus Exporter for NGINX and NGIN…   22                   
schmunk42/nginx-redirect          A very simple container to redirect HTTP tra…   19                   [OK]
centos/nginx-112-centos7          Platform for running nginx 1.12 or building …   16                   
centos/nginx-18-centos7           Platform for running nginx 1.8 or building n…   13                   
bitwarden/nginx                   The Bitwarden nginx web server acting as a r…   11                   
flashspys/nginx-static            Super Lightweight Nginx Image                   11                   [OK]
mailu/nginx                       Mailu nginx frontend                            9                    [OK]
webdevops/nginx                   Nginx container                                 9                    [OK]
ansibleplaybookbundle/nginx-apb   An APB to deploy NGINX                          3                    [OK]
wodby/nginx                       Generic nginx                                   1                    [OK]
arnau/nginx-gate                  Docker image with Nginx with Lua enabled on …   1                    [OK]

docker pull

[root@localhost ~]# docker pull nginx:1.20.2
1.20.2: Pulling from library/nginx
eff15d958d66: Pull complete 
1f3e1e3ef6aa: Pull complete 
231009cab23f: Pull complete 
b2ef879f0046: Pull complete 
5495a7eec709: Pull complete 
ddde57a4eac9: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:6ce65dd1f3bf44fa60a0212f0f893b78a706f20f09c884b43de50037067d9f5d
Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:1.20.2
docker.io/library/nginx:1.20.2

docker images

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
nginx        1.20.2    aedf7f31bdab   2 weeks ago   141MB
nginx        latest    ea335eea17ab   2 weeks ago   141MB

docker create

[root@localhost ~]# docker create nginx 
ff261bf1d8b32b427a50e15944efc65163460faed52b0ad8223f7738d9739f83


[root@localhost ~]# docker create httpd
Unable to find image 'httpd:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/httpd
eff15d958d66: Already exists 
ba1caf8ba86c: Pull complete 
ab86dc02235d: Pull complete 
0d58b11d2867: Pull complete 
e88da7cb925c: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:1d71eef54c08435c0be99877c408637f03112dc9f929fba3cccdd15896099b02
Status: Downloaded newer image for httpd:latest
a618fa7b19d2a1a54260ba9aee3783e28ab2de5ffcef086a0bc9112c5e8be725
[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
httpd        latest    ad17c88403e2   12 days ago   143MB
nginx        1.20.2    aedf7f31bdab   2 weeks ago   141MB
nginx        latest    ea335eea17ab   2 weeks ago   141MB
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
a618fa7b19d2   httpd     "httpd-foreground"       29 seconds ago   Created                  funny_wozniak
ff261bf1d8b3   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   6 minutes ago    Created                  stoic_bose
2e40024f59d8   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   7 minutes ago    Up 4 minutes   80/tcp    sleepy_dubinsky

docker start

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
ff261bf1d8b3   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   About a minute ago   Created             stoic_bose
2e40024f59d8   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   About a minute ago   Created             sleepy_dubinsky
[root@localhost ~]# docker start 2e40024f59d8
2e40024f59d8
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
2e40024f59d8   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   2 minutes ago   Up 35 seconds   80/tcp    sleepy_dubinsky

docker restart

[root@localhost ~]# docker restart httpd
httpd

docker run

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -d --name httpd01 httpd
16480867b0691d528eb7b89652b7e43a080b410460ae79f1eb0d0135cf2e63af

docker ps

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
16480867b069   httpd     "httpd-foreground"       42 seconds ago   Up 39 seconds   80/tcp    httpd01
2e40024f59d8   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   9 minutes ago    Up 7 minutes    80/tcp    sleepy_dubinsky

docker logs

[root@localhost ~]#  docker logs 2e40024f59d8
/docker-entrypoint.sh: /docker-entrypoint.d/ is not empty, will attempt to perform configuration
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Looking for shell scripts in /docker-entrypoint.d/
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: Getting the checksum of /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: Enabled listen on IPv6 in /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/20-envsubst-on-templates.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/30-tune-worker-processes.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Configuration complete; ready for start up
2021/12/01 15:05:37 [notice] 1#1: using the "epoll" event method
2021/12/01 15:05:37 [notice] 1#1: nginx/1.21.4
2021/12/01 15:05:37 [notice] 1#1: built by gcc 10.2.1 20210110 (Debian 10.2.1-6) 
2021/12/01 15:05:37 [notice] 1#1: OS: Linux 4.18.0-257.el8.x86_64
2021/12/01 15:05:37 [notice] 1#1: getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE): 1048576:1048576
2021/12/01 15:05:37 [notice] 1#1: start worker processes
2021/12/01 15:05:37 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 31

docker rm

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
16480867b069   httpd     "httpd-foreground"       3 minutes ago    Up 3 minutes    80/tcp    httpd01
a618fa7b19d2   httpd     "httpd-foreground"       6 minutes ago    Created                   funny_wozniak
ff261bf1d8b3   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   12 minutes ago   Created                   stoic_bose
2e40024f59d8   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   12 minutes ago   Up 10 minutes   80/tcp    sleepy_dubinsky
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm ff261bf1d8b3
ff261bf1d8b3
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
16480867b069   httpd     "httpd-foreground"       4 minutes ago    Up 4 minutes    80/tcp    httpd01
a618fa7b19d2   httpd     "httpd-foreground"       6 minutes ago    Created                   funny_wozniak
2e40024f59d8   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   13 minutes ago   Up 10 minutes   80/tcp    sleepy_dubinsky

//取出id
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -aq
f570e5f764fa
6eb43374d424
2f3ce2082fcd
ef554fb3f364
053fabe2ef8b
ec4343b6856c
16480867b069
a618fa7b19d2
2e40024f59d8

[root@localhost ~]# docker rm $(docker ps -aq)
f570e5f764fa
6eb43374d424
2f3ce2082fcd
ef554fb3f364
053fabe2ef8b
ec4343b6856c
a618fa7b19d2

docker exec

[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it httpd01 /bin/bash
root@16480867b069:/usr/local/apache2# ls
bin  build  cgi-bin  conf  error  htdocs  icons  include  logs  modules
root@16480867b069:/usr/local/apache2# cd conf/
root@16480867b069:/usr/local/apache2/conf# ls
extra  httpd.conf  magic  mime.types  original
root@16480867b069:/usr/local/apache2/conf# cd ..
root@16480867b069:/usr/local/apache2# exit
exit

docker info

[root@localhost ~]# docker info
Client:
 Context:    default
 Debug Mode: false
 Plugins:
  app: Docker App (Docker Inc., v0.9.1-beta3)
  buildx: Build with BuildKit (Docker Inc., v0.6.3-docker)
  scan: Docker Scan (Docker Inc., v0.9.0)

Server:
 Containers: 2
  Running: 2
  Paused: 0
  Stopped: 0
 Images: 4
 Server Version: 20.10.11
 Storage Driver: overlay2
  Backing Filesystem: xfs
  Supports d_type: true
  Native Overlay Diff: true
  userxattr: false
 Logging Driver: json-file
 Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs
 Cgroup Version: 1
 Plugins:
  Volume: local
  Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
  Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
 Swarm: inactive
 Runtimes: runc io.containerd.runc.v2 io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux
 Default Runtime: runc
 Init Binary: docker-init
 containerd version: 7b11cfaabd73bb80907dd23182b9347b4245eb5d
 runc version: v1.0.2-0-g52b36a2
 init version: de40ad0
 Security Options:
  seccomp
   Profile: default
 Kernel Version: 4.18.0-257.el8.x86_64
 Operating System: CentOS Stream 8
 OSType: linux
 Architecture: x86_64
 CPUs: 1
 Total Memory: 1.748GiB
 Name: localhost.localdomain
 ID: EJRD:OZWH:L6CQ:JGAH:M3JD:CJLY:STQK:ORTY:HNX7:BCKF:WBM3:2RE5
 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
 Debug Mode: false
 Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/
 Labels:
 Experimental: false
 Insecure Registries:
  127.0.0.0/8
 Registry Mirrors:
  https://arq8p4a6.mirror.aliyuncs.com/
 Live Restore Enabled: false

docker inspect

[root@localhost ~]# docker inspect 16480867b069
[
    {
        "Id": "16480867b0691d528eb7b89652b7e43a080b410460ae79f1eb0d0135cf2e63af",
        "Created": "2021-12-01T15:12:03.143572662Z",
        "Path": "httpd-foreground",
        "Args": [],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 292989,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2021-12-01T15:12:05.848429157Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:ad17c88403e2cedd27963b98be7f04bd3f903dfa7490586de397d0404424936d",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/16480867b0691d528eb7b89652b7e43a080b410460ae79f1eb0d0135cf2e63af/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/16480867b0691d528eb7b89652b7e43a080b410460ae79f1eb0d0135cf2e63af/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/16480867b0691d528eb7b89652b7e43a080b410460ae79f1eb0d0135cf2e63af/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/16480867b0691d528eb7b89652b7e43a080b410460ae79f1eb0d0135cf2e63af/16480867b0691d528eb7b89652b7e43a080b410460ae79f1eb0d0135cf2e63af-json.log",
        "Name": "/httpd01",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "host",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/968eb5fe413e30713fed3440fb90a3db80966abad841e8544c537c3b73e4414b-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/bdd357152f4eabf85e864c18c8045c25c8a4d757e028bdce77785e345befff30/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/7fee41e67a7b6fbdaa04fdb44d3616b7fe173c3a1e8845972837797f7fad7481/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/be77f22d1ea843d087952bf5a584dd123ffe2bc381bcf93b92571c51cf8d486f/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0f4e72d68df47ec671f222c11f529c816cd3c95e6b22a098c8fef0e4a0d67714/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/3d6a6db40af7b52c21dd5f7ff2f476147f04d28444fd5adc945d3295d0e6b43b/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/968eb5fe413e30713fed3440fb90a3db80966abad841e8544c537c3b73e4414b/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/968eb5fe413e30713fed3440fb90a3db80966abad841e8544c537c3b73e4414b/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/968eb5fe413e30713fed3440fb90a3db80966abad841e8544c537c3b73e4414b/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "16480867b069",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "ExposedPorts": {
                "80/tcp": {}
            },
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/apache2/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
                "HTTPD_PREFIX=/usr/local/apache2",
                "HTTPD_VERSION=2.4.51",
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                "httpd-foreground"
            ],
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            "WorkingDir": "/usr/local/apache2",
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            "Labels": {},
            "StopSignal": "SIGWINCH"
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
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            "Networks": {
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                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:03",
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                }
            }
        }
    }
]

docker event state