HOST：WinXP

VM：6.5

VMOS：Ubuntu 8.04.1TLS

安装VMwareTools后，可以通过共享拷贝文件

拷贝linux-2.6.25.tar.bz2到$HOME

$tar xvf linux-2.6.25.tar.bz2

$cd linux-2.6.25

拷贝2.6.25-at91.patch.gz到$HOME/linux-2.6.25

打补丁：AT91SAM9261EK for linux2.6.25

$zcat 2.6.25-at91.patch.gz | patch -p1

修改Makefile：

ARCH ?=arm

CROSS_COMPILE ?=/usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux-

清空以前的编译痕迹：

$make distclean

$cp arch/arm/configs/at91sam9261ek_defconfig ./.config

拷贝mkimage、tools文件到$HOME/linux-2.6.25（注：mkimage与tools都可以从原有的ebd9261的linux源码包中取得），修改这两个文件的属性为可执行：

$chmod 777 ./mkimage

$chmod 777 ./tools

刚开始make menuconfig时出错，提示要安装ncurses，安装下列包即可：

$sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev

以下是成功编译的总结：

$make menuconfig

修改内核配置如下：

去除[Kernel Features]->EABI选项。arm-linux-3.4.1交叉编译工具不支持EABI

修改[Boot Option]中的配置：

旧的：mem=64M console=ttyS0,115200 initrd=0x21100000, 3145728 root=/dev/ram0 rw

新的：mem=64M console=ttyS0,115200 initrd=0x21100000,17000000 root=/dev/ram0 rw

修改所能支持的RAMDISK大小：

[Devices driver]->[Block devices]->Default RAM disk size，修改该值为40960

$./mkimage 注：使用mkimage可以生成uImage映像用于Uboot

将uImage与原EBD9261的ramdisk.gz下载到目标板：

U-Boot> setenv ipaddr 172.16.10.211

U-Boot> setenv serverip 172.16.10.212

U-Boot> saveenv

上述三个步骤在第一次使用时设置下即可，不需每次都设置

U-Boot> tftp 20400000 uImage

U-Boot> tftp 21100000 ramdisk.gz

U-Boot> bootm 0x20400000

Linux系统可跑起来。但显示、声音等驱动都不正常。

以下是失败的过程：

$make menuconfig

去除[Kernel Features]->EABI选项

注：由于我用的是arm-linux-3.4.1交叉编译工具，该工具不支持EABI，因此在配置Kernel时要去除[Kernel Features]中的EABI选项。

$./mkimage最后生成Kernel：uImage9261

将新生成的Kernel映像uImage9261及原板自带的ramdisk.gz下载到目标板EBD9261：

U-Boot> setenv ipaddr 172.16.10.211

U-Boot> setenv serverip 172.16.10.212

U-Boot> saveenv

上述三个步骤在第一次使用时设置下即可，不需每次都设置

U-Boot> tftp 20400000 uImage

U-Boot> tftp 21100000 ramdisk.gz

U-Boot> bootm 0x20400000

这边必须用uImage，不能用zImage、bzImage等格式Kernel镜像

uImage是使用mkImage工具生成的

启动过程如下（2.6.25启动信息1.txt）：

## Booting image at 20400000 ...

Image Name: linux-2.6

Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (gzip compressed)

Data Size: 1506280 Bytes = 1.4 MB

Load Address: 20008000

Entry Point: 20008000

Verifying Checksum ... OK

Uncompressing Kernel Image ... OK

Starting kernel ...

Linux version 2.6.25 (cmy@cmy-ubuntu) (gcc version 3.4.1) #1 Tue Dec 16 21:19:49

CST 2008

CPU: ARM926EJ-S [41069265] revision 5 (ARMv5TEJ), cr=00053177

Machine: Atmel AT91SAM9261-EK

Ignoring unrecognised tag 0x54410008

Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback

Clocks: CPU 198 MHz, master 99 MHz, main 18.432 MHz

CPU0: D VIVT write-back cache

CPU0: I cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 4, 32 byte lines, 128 sets

CPU0: D cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 4, 32 byte lines, 128 sets

Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 16256

Kernel command line: mem=64M console=ttyS0,115200 initrd=0x21100000,3145728 root

=/dev/ram0 rw

AT91: 96 gpio irqs in 3 banks

PID hash table entries: 256 (order: 8, 1024 bytes)

Console: colour dummy device 80x30

console [ttyS0] enabled

Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)

Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)

Memory: 64MB = 64MB total

Memory: 58636KB available (2788K code, 236K data, 124K init)

Mount-cache hash table entries: 512

CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok

net_namespace: 152 bytes

NET: Registered protocol family 16

AT91: Power Management

AT91: Starting after general reset

SCSI subsystem initialized

usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs

usbcore: registered new interface driver hub

usbcore: registered new device driver usb

NET: Registered protocol family 2

IP route cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)

TCP established hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)

TCP bind hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)

TCP: Hash tables configured (established 2048 bind 2048)

TCP reno registered

checking if image is initramfs...it isn't (no cpio magic); looks like an initrd

Freeing initrd memory: 3072K

NetWinder Floating Point Emulator V0.97 (double precision)

JFFS2 version 2.2. (NAND) (SUMMARY) © 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.

io scheduler noop registered

io scheduler anticipatory registered (default)

atmel_lcdfb atmel_lcdfb.0: 160KiB frame buffer at 00300000 (mapped at c4880000)

Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 30x40

atmel_lcdfb atmel_lcdfb.0: fb0: Atmel LCDC at 0x00600000 (mapped at c485c000), i

rq 21

atmel_usart.0: ttyS0 at MMIO 0xfefff200 (irq = 1) is a ATMEL_SERIAL

brd: module loaded

loop: module loaded

ssc ssc.1: Atmel SSC device at 0xc4860000 (irq 15)

dm9000 Ethernet Driver, V1.30

eth0: dm9000 at c485e000,c4866044 IRQ 107 MAC: 22:34:56:78:99:aa (chip)

Driver 'sd' needs updating - please use bus_type methods

NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0x76 (Samsung NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit

)

AT91 NAND: 8-bit, Software ECC

Scanning device for bad blocks

Creating 2 MTD partitions on "at91_nand":

0x00000000-0x00040000 : "Partition 1"

0x00040000-0x04000000 : "Partition 2"

atmel_spi atmel_spi.0: Atmel SPI Controller at 0xfffc8000 (irq 12)

mtd_dataflash spi0.0: AT45DB161x (2112 KBytes)

usbmon: debugfs is not available

at91_ohci at91_ohci: AT91 OHCI

at91_ohci at91_ohci: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1

at91_ohci at91_ohci: irq 20, io mem 0x00500000

usb usb1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice

hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found

hub 1-0:1.0: 2 ports detected

Initializing USB Mass Storage driver...

usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage

USB Mass Storage support registered.

udc: at91_udc version 3 May 2006

mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice

input: gpio-keys as /class/input/input0

ads7846 spi0.2: touchscreen, irq 29

input: ADS784x Touchscreen as /class/input/input1

rtc-at91sam9 at91_rtt.0: rtc core: registered at91_rtt as rtc0

rtc-at91sam9 at91_rtt.0: rtc0: SET TIME!

Registered led device: ds7

Registered led device: ds8

Registered led device: ds1

usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid

drivers/hid/usbhid/hid-core.c: v2.6:USB HID core driver

Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Version 1.0.16rc2 (Thu Jan 31 16:40:16

2008 UTC).

at73c213 spi0.3: at73c213: supported bitrate is 48500 (64 divider)

ALSA device list:

#0: AT91SAM9261-EK external DAC on irq 15

TCP cubic registered

NET: Registered protocol family 1

NET: Registered protocol family 17

RPC: Registered udp transport module.

RPC: Registered tcp transport module.

rtc-at91sam9 at91_rtt.0: hctosys: unable to read the hardware clock

RAMDISK: Compressed image found at block 0

RAMDISK: incomplete write (-28 != 32768) 8388608

RAMDISK: ran out of compressed data

invalid compressed format (err=1)

EXT2-fs warning: maximal mount count reached, running e2fsck is recommended

VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem).

Freeing init memory: 124K

attempt to access beyond end of device

ram0: rw=0, want=49164, limit=16384

EXT2-fs error (device ram0): ext2_get_inode: unable to read inode block - inode=

6145, block=24581

Warning: unable to open an initial console.

attempt to access beyond end of device

ram0: rw=0, want=49178, limit=16384

EXT2-fs error (device ram0): ext2_get_inode: unable to read inode block - inode=

6205, block=24588

attempt to access beyond end of device

ram0: rw=0, want=65544, limit=16384

EXT2-fs error (device ram0): ext2_get_inode: unable to read inode block - inode=

8193, block=32771

attempt to access beyond end of device

ram0: rw=0, want=16396, limit=16384

EXT2-fs error (device ram0): ext2_get_inode: unable to read inode block - inode=

2049, block=8197

attempt to access beyond end of device

ram0: rw=0, want=16396, limit=16384

EXT2-fs error (device ram0): ext2_get_inode: unable to read inode block - inode=

2049, block=8197

Kernel panic - not syncing: No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel.

从“RAMDISK: incomplete write (-28 != 32768) 8388608”开始就出错了，google了一下，说是分配给RamDisk的空间太小，然后我修改Boot参数为：

mem=64M console=ttyS0,115200 initrd=0x21100000,17000000 root=/dev/ram0 rw

重新编译生成uImage，跟ramdisk.gz一起下载到目标板上，启动信息如下（2.6.25启动信息2.txt）：

……

RAMDISK: Compressed image found at block 0

RAMDISK: incomplete write (-28 != 32768) 8388608

EXT2-fs warning: maximal mount count reached, running e2fsck is recommended

……

可以看到有所改善，但系统还是没起来。

会不会是ramdisk.gz的问题，我决定重新做一个：

交叉编译器还是使用arm-linux-3.4.1，先编译busybox工具

拷贝busybox-1.11.1到$HOME后进行编译

$tar xvf busybox-1.11.1.tar.bz2

$cd busybox-1.11.1

修改Makefile文件中的ARCH与CROSS_COMPIL，可参考Kernel编译时的设置

$make

我使用busybox-1.11.1，编译出错：

networking/interface.c:818: error: `ARPHRD_INFINIBAND' undeclared here (not in a function)
networking/interface.c:818: error: initializer element is not constant
networking/interface.c:818: error: (near initialization for `ib_hwtype.type')
networking/interface.c:818: error: `ARPHRD_INFINIBAND' undeclared here (not in a function)
networking/interface.c:818: error: initializer element is not constant
networking/interface.c:818: error: (near initialization for `ib_hwtype.type')

可能busybox版本太新缘故，换了个低版本的(busybox-1.3.2)，编译出现错误：

applets/applets.c:22:2: #warning Static linking against glibc produces buggy executables

applets/applets.c:23:2: #warning (glibc does not cope well with ld --gc-sections).

applets/applets.c:24:2: #warning See sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=3400

applets/applets.c:25:2: #warning Note that glibc is utterly unsuitable for static linking anyway.

make[1]: *** [applets/applets.o] 错误 1

注释掉如下警告信息：

重新编译，出现如下错误

/home/cmy/busybox-1.3.2/scripts/trylink: 5: function: not found

/home/cmy/busybox-1.3.2/scripts/trylink: 11: Syntax error: "}" unexpected

make: *** [busybox_unstripped] 错误 2

由于ubuntu默认的sh是dash，要将它改成bash：

$sudo rm /bin/sh

$sudo ln –s /bin/bash /bin/sh

再次编译，出错：

In file included from e2fsprogs/ext2fs/ismounted.c:22:

/usr/local/arm/3.4.1/lib/gcc/arm-linux/3.4.1/../../../../arm-linux/sys-include/linux/fd.h:342: error: variable or field `__user' declared void

/usr/local/arm/3.4.1/lib/gcc/arm-linux/3.4.1/../../../../arm-linux/sys-include/linux/fd.h:342: error: parse error before '*' token

/usr/local/arm/3.4.1/lib/gcc/arm-linux/3.4.1/../../../../arm-linux/sys-include/linux/fd.h:360: error: parse error before '}' token

make[1]: *** [e2fsprogs/ext2fs/ismounted.o] 错误 1

make: *** [e2fsprogs/ext2fs] 错误 2

gcc 3.4.1中新增类型 __user ，需要引入编译器定义头文件，在引用#include 的前面加上#include 后，继续编译，出现如下错误：

modutils/lib.a(insmod.o)(.text.insmod_main+0x370): In function `insmod_main':
: undefined reference to `query_module'
modutils/lib.a(insmod.o)(.text.insmod_main+0x3a4): In function `insmod_main':
: undefined reference to `query_module'
modutils/lib.a(insmod.o)(.text.insmod_main+0x44c): In function `insmod_main':
: undefined reference to `query_module'

去除Linux Module Utilities->Support version 2.2.x to 2.4.x Linux kernels选项，继续编译，这次编译成功了，接着要进行安装：

$make install

完成后会在当前目录下生成_install文件夹。

紧接着可以开始制作Ramdisk根文件系统了，主要参考该文章：

http://www.cnitblog.com/zouzheng/articles/14423.html

最后生成根文件系统：ramdisk.gz

将uImage、ramdisk.gz下载到目标板上：

U-Boot> tftp 20400000 uImage

U-Boot> tftp 21100000 ramdisk.gz

U-Boot> bootm 0x20400000

启动信息如下：

## Booting image at 20400000 ...

Image Name: linux-2.6

Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (gzip compressed)

Data Size: 1506275 Bytes = 1.4 MB

Load Address: 20008000

Entry Point: 20008000

Verifying Checksum ... OK

Uncompressing Kernel Image ... OK

Starting kernel ...

Linux version 2.6.25 (cmy@cmy-ubuntu) (gcc version 3.4.1) #3 Tue Dec 16 22:10:45

CST 2008

CPU: ARM926EJ-S [41069265] revision 5 (ARMv5TEJ), cr=00053177

Machine: Atmel AT91SAM9261-EK

Ignoring unrecognised tag 0x54410008

Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback

Clocks: CPU 198 MHz, master 99 MHz, main 18.432 MHz

CPU0: D VIVT write-back cache

CPU0: I cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 4, 32 byte lines, 128 sets

CPU0: D cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 4, 32 byte lines, 128 sets

Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 16256

Kernel command line: mem=64M console=ttyS0,115200 initrd=0x21100000,17000000 roo

t=/dev/ram0 rw

AT91: 96 gpio irqs in 3 banks

PID hash table entries: 256 (order: 8, 1024 bytes)

Console: colour dummy device 80x30

console [ttyS0] enabled

Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)

Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)

Memory: 64MB = 64MB total

Memory: 45104KB available (2788K code, 236K data, 124K init)

Mount-cache hash table entries: 512

CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok

net_namespace: 152 bytes

NET: Registered protocol family 16

AT91: Power Management

AT91: Starting after user reset

SCSI subsystem initialized

usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs

usbcore: registered new interface driver hub

usbcore: registered new device driver usb

NET: Registered protocol family 2

IP route cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)

TCP established hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)

TCP bind hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)

TCP: Hash tables configured (established 2048 bind 2048)

TCP reno registered

checking if image is initramfs...it isn't (no cpio magic); looks like an initrd

Freeing initrd memory: 16601K

NetWinder Floating Point Emulator V0.97 (double precision)

JFFS2 version 2.2. (NAND) (SUMMARY) © 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.

io scheduler noop registered

io scheduler anticipatory registered (default)

atmel_lcdfb atmel_lcdfb.0: 160KiB frame buffer at 00300000 (mapped at c4880000)

Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 30x40

atmel_lcdfb atmel_lcdfb.0: fb0: Atmel LCDC at 0x00600000 (mapped at c485c000), i

rq 21

atmel_usart.0: ttyS0 at MMIO 0xfefff200 (irq = 1) is a ATMEL_SERIAL

brd: module loaded

loop: module loaded

ssc ssc.1: Atmel SSC device at 0xc4860000 (irq 15)

dm9000 Ethernet Driver, V1.30

eth0: dm9000 at c485e000,c4866044 IRQ 107 MAC: 22:34:56:78:99:aa (chip)

Driver 'sd' needs updating - please use bus_type methods

NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0x76 (Samsung NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit

)

AT91 NAND: 8-bit, Software ECC

Scanning device for bad blocks

Creating 2 MTD partitions on "at91_nand":

0x00000000-0x00040000 : "Partition 1"

0x00040000-0x04000000 : "Partition 2"

atmel_spi atmel_spi.0: Atmel SPI Controller at 0xfffc8000 (irq 12)

mtd_dataflash spi0.0: AT45DB161x (2112 KBytes)

usbmon: debugfs is not available

at91_ohci at91_ohci: AT91 OHCI

at91_ohci at91_ohci: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1

at91_ohci at91_ohci: irq 20, io mem 0x00500000

usb usb1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice

hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found

hub 1-0:1.0: 2 ports detected

Initializing USB Mass Storage driver...

usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage

USB Mass Storage support registered.

udc: at91_udc version 3 May 2006

mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice

input: gpio-keys as /class/input/input0

ads7846 spi0.2: touchscreen, irq 29

input: ADS784x Touchscreen as /class/input/input1

rtc-at91sam9 at91_rtt.0: rtc core: registered at91_rtt as rtc0

rtc-at91sam9 at91_rtt.0: rtc0: SET TIME!

Registered led device: ds7

Registered led device: ds8

Registered led device: ds1

usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid

drivers/hid/usbhid/hid-core.c: v2.6:USB HID core driver

Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Version 1.0.16rc2 (Thu Jan 31 16:40:16

2008 UTC).

at73c213 spi0.3: at73c213: supported bitrate is 48500 (64 divider)

ALSA device list:

#0: AT91SAM9261-EK external DAC on irq 15

TCP cubic registered

NET: Registered protocol family 1

NET: Registered protocol family 17

RPC: Registered udp transport module.

RPC: Registered tcp transport module.

rtc-at91sam9 at91_rtt.0: hctosys: unable to read the hardware clock

RAMDISK: Compressed image found at block 0

EXT2-fs warning: mounting unchecked fs, running e2fsck is recommended

VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem).

Freeing init memory: 124K

mount: can't find / in /etc/mtab

dm9000 dm9000.0: WARNING: no IRQ resource flags set.

eth0: link down

mount: mounting /dev/fd0 on / failed

+++++++++++++ Welcom to Lianic Arm Linux ++++++++++++++++++

+ This is a arm linux system which is running on at91rm9200.

+ It contains more than 100 basic Linux commands and tools.

+ All these great features are powered by BusyBox 1.1.1

+ This is a free system tool developed by Edward Lianic.

+ If you have any problem please mailto : Lianic@163.com

+ Enjoy!!!

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Please press Enter to activate this console.

BusyBox v1.3.2 (2008-12-18 12:18:52 CST) Built-in shell (msh)

Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.

#

至此，Linux2.6.25在EBD9261板上跑起来了，接着，还有很多事情要做。

发现当ramdisk超过了8MB，目标板启动出错，出错信息是：

RAMDISK: incomplete write (-28 != 32768) 8388608

修改内核配置中的：

Device Drivers->Block Device->RAM disk size 将该值修改为40960。

重新编译得到uImage，将该uImage与原EBD9261的ramdisk下载到目标板上，文件系统加载正常，但驱动显然不对，LCD屏图像显示异常、播放MP3没有声音输出。

下一步的工作就是移驱动了。

To be continue…