user agent简述

User Agent中文名为用户代理,简称 UA,它是一个特殊字符串头,使得服务器能够识别客户使用的操作系统及版本、CPU 类型、浏览器及版本、浏览器渲染引擎、浏览器语言、浏览器插件等。

user agent

开始(测试不同类型user agent返回值)

手机user agent 测试:Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 0.5; en-us) AppleWebKit/522 (KHTML, like Gecko) Safari/419.3

电脑user agent 测试:Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.62 Safari/537.36

1.新建一个scrapy项目(以百度做案例):

scrapy startproject myspider

scrapy genspider bdspider www.baidu.com

2.在settings中开启user agent

# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
USER_AGENT = 'testspider (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'

将手机与电脑user agent 分别修改(手机访问返回的内容比电脑访问的要少,所以随便拿个len()判断一下就可以)

3.spider编写与user agent对比

class MyspiderSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'myspider'
    allowed_domains = ['www.baidu.com']
    start_urls = ['http://www.baidu.com/']

    def parse(self, response):
        print(len(response.text))


明显可以看出手机和电脑的区别,这也表明百度通过user agent来判断终端类别然后返回不同内容

那么重点来了,对于爬虫来说为了防止触发反爬 一个user agent肯定不行了

那么该如何挂大量的user agent呢

处理方法有很多,这里主要介绍两种:

一、在setings中写一个user agent列表并设置随机方法(让setings替我们选择)

二、在settings中写列表,在middleware.py中创建类,在downloadmiddleware中调用(让中间件完成选择)

一、settings 随机选择user agnet(第一种方法)

settings创建user agent表,

导入random,随机用choise函数调用user agent

import random
# user agent 列表
USER_AGENT_LIST = [
    'MSIE (MSIE 6.0; X11; Linux; i686) Opera 7.23',
    'Opera/9.20 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X; U; en)',
    'Opera/9.0 (Macintosh; PPC Mac OS X; U; en)',
    'iTunes/9.0.3 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_2; en-ca)',
    'Mozilla/4.76 [en_jp] (X11; U; SunOS 5.8 sun4u)',
    'iTunes/4.2 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X 10.2)',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:5.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/5.0',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:9.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/9.0',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.8; rv:16.0) Gecko/20120813 Firefox/16.0',
    'Mozilla/4.77 [en] (X11; I; IRIX;64 6.5 IP30)',
    'Mozilla/4.8 [en] (X11; U; SunOS; 5.7 sun4u)'
]
# 随机生成user agent
USER_AGENT = random.choice(USER_AGENT_LIST) 

编写spider:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy

class MyspiderSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'myspider'
    allowed_domains = ['www.baidu.com']
    start_urls = ['http://www.baidu.com']

    def parse(self, response):
        print(response.request.headers['User-Agent'])

结果对比

运行结果可以明显发现每次调用的user agent不一样


二、在middleware中调用user agent(第二种方法)

在setting中注释user agent 防止干扰

在middlewares中创建类

import random
class UserAgentMiddleware(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.user_agent_list = [
            'MSIE (MSIE 6.0; X11; Linux; i686) Opera 7.23',
            'Opera/9.20 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X; U; en)',
            'Opera/9.0 (Macintosh; PPC Mac OS X; U; en)',
            'iTunes/9.0.3 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_2; en-ca)',
            'Mozilla/4.76 [en_jp] (X11; U; SunOS 5.8 sun4u)',
            'iTunes/4.2 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X 10.2)',
            'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:5.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/5.0',
            'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:9.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/9.0',
            'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.8; rv:16.0) Gecko/20120813 Firefox/16.0',
            'Mozilla/4.77 [en] (X11; I; IRIX;64 6.5 IP30)',
            'Mozilla/4.8 [en] (X11; U; SunOS; 5.7 sun4u)'
        ]
    def process_request(self,request,spider):
        request.headers['USER_AGENT']=random.choice(self.user_agent_list)

启用downloader middleware

DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
    'testspider.middlewares.UserAgentMiddleware': 300
}

开始测试,对别结果



好了 两种方法结束了...........................











































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