tensorflow 入门例子example(加预测)
tensorflow
一个面向所有人的开源机器学习框架
项目地址:https://gitcode.com/gh_mirrors/te/tensorflow
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还是以前文的两个例子,继续加上预测逻辑。
回归算法模型,用来预测连续数值,目标不是分类值而是数字。评估回归预测值与真实值是否一样,需要度量两者之间的距离。
分类算法模型,基于数值型输入,预测分类值,实际目标是1和0的序列,这种模型的损失函数,一般不容易理解模型好坏,所以通常是看准确预测分类的结果的百分比。
回归算法
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
#-------------------1. 数据集,变量,占位符------------------------#
# 样本,输入列表,正太分布(Normal Destribution),均值为1, 均方误差为0.1, 数据量为100个
x_vals = np.random.normal(1, 0.1, 100)
# 样本, 输出列表, 100个值为10.0的列表
y_vals = np.repeat(10.0, 100)
#占位符
x_data = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 1], dtype=tf.float32)
y_target = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 1], dtype= tf.float32)
#模型变量
A = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(shape=[1, 1]))
#批量大小
batch_size = 25
#训练数据集的index,从总样本的index,即0~99,选取80个值
train_indices = np.random.choice(len(x_vals), round(len(x_vals) *0.8), replace = False)
#测试数据集的index,扣除上面的train_indices,剩下的20个值
test_indices = np.array(list(set(range(len(x_vals))) - set(train_indices)))
#训练数据集 & 测试数据集
x_vals_train = x_vals[train_indices]
x_vals_test = x_vals[test_indices]
y_vals_train = y_vals[train_indices]
y_vals_test = y_vals[test_indices]
#-----------------2. 模型,损失函数,优化器算法--------------------------#
# 我们定义的模型,是一个线型函数,即 y = w * x, 也就是my_output = A * x_data
# x_data将用样本x_vals。我们的目标是,算出A的值。
# 其实已经能猜出,y都是10.0的话,x均值为1, 那么A应该是10。哈哈
my_output = tf.multiply(x_data, A)
# 损失函数, 用的是模型算的值,减去实际值, 的平方。y_target就是上面的y_vals。
loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(my_output - y_target))
#初始化变量
sess = tf.Session()
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess.run(init)
# 梯度下降算法, 学习率0.02, 可以认为每次迭代修改A,修改一次0.02。比如A初始化为20, 发现不好,于是猜测下一个A为20-0.02
my_opt = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate=0.02)
train_step = my_opt.minimize(loss)#目标,使得损失函数达到最小值
#-----------------3. 迭代训练--------------------------#
for i in range(100):#0到100,不包括100
# 随机拿25个index
rand_index = np.random.choice(len(x_vals_train), size = batch_size)
# 从训练集拿出25个样本,转置一下,因为x_data的shape是[None, 1]
#注意是[x_vals_train[rand_index]],转为二维的1x20的数组,才能通过transpose转置为20x1的数组,不能写成x_vals_train[rand_index]
rand_x = np.transpose([x_vals_train[rand_index]])
rand_y = np.transpose([y_vals_train[rand_index]])
#损失函数引用的placeholder(直接或间接用的都算), x_data使用样本rand_x, y_target用样本rand_y
sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x_data: rand_x, y_target: rand_y})
#打印
if i%25==0:
print('step: ' + str(i) + ' A = ' + str(sess.run(A)))
print('loss: ' + str(sess.run(loss, feed_dict={x_data: rand_x, y_target: rand_y})))
#-----------------4. 评估模型--------------------------#
#以上这种评估,测试集跟训练集是完全分开的。没有用A去评测测试集,只看两种集的均方误差是不是差不多
mse_test = sess.run(loss, feed_dict={x_data: np.transpose([x_vals_test]), y_target: np.transpose([y_vals_test])})
mse_train = sess.run(loss, feed_dict={x_data: np.transpose([x_vals_train]), y_target: np.transpose([y_vals_train])})
print('MSE on test: ' + str(np.round(mse_test, 2)))
print('MSE on train: ' + str(np.round(mse_train, 2)))
2. 分类算法
直接上代码。
#import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
#sklearn是机器学习套件,有很多数据集
#安装:pip install -U scikit-learn
# sklearn依赖python>=2.7, numpy(python擅长数组处理的数学库), scipy(python算法库和数据工具包)
from sklearn import datasets
#-------------------1. 数据集,变量,占位符------------------------#
iris = datasets.load_iris()
print('sample feature: feature_names: ' + str(iris.feature_names) + " data length: " + str(len(iris.data)))
print('sample target: target_names: ' + str(iris.target_names) + " target length: " + str(len(iris.target)))
#样本数据,一个150x4的二维列表
#print(iris.data)
#样本标签,一个长度为150的一维列表
#print(iris.target)
#抽取的样本标签, 只要第一种,是第一种,则为1,否则为0
temp = []
for x in iris.target:
temp.append(1 if x== 0 else 0)
iris_target = np.array(temp)#列表转数组,以上几行,也可以写成:iris_target = np.array([1 if x== 0 else 0 for x in iris.target])
print('iris_target: ')
print(iris_target)
#抽取的样本输入,只用两个参数,也就是花瓣长度和宽度
iris_2d = np.array([[x[2], x[3]] for x in iris.data])
print('iris_2d: ')
print(iris_2d)
#将样本分为训练集和测试集
#训练数据集的index,从总样本的index,即0~150,选取120个值
train_indices = np.random.choice(len(iris_2d), round(len(iris_2d) *0.8), replace = False)
#测试数据集的index,扣除上面的train_indices,剩下的30个值
test_indices = np.array(list(set(range(len(iris_2d))) - set(train_indices)))
#训练数据集 & 测试数据集
x_vals_train = iris_2d[train_indices]
x_vals_test = iris_2d[test_indices]
y_vals_train = iris_target[train_indices]
y_vals_test = iris_target[test_indices]
#批量训练大小为20
batch_size = 20
x1_data = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 1], dtype=tf.float32)
x2_data = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 1], dtype=tf.float32)
y_target = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 1], dtype=tf.float32)
A = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(shape=[1,1]))
b = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(shape=[1,1]))
#-----------------2. 模型,损失函数,优化器算法--------------------------#
#定义模型my_output = x1 - (A*x2 + b)
my_mult = tf.matmul(x2_data, A)
my_add = tf.add(my_mult, b)
my_output = tf.subtract(x1_data, my_add)
#损失函数
xentropy = tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels=my_output, logits=y_target)
my_opt = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.05)
train_step = my_opt.minimize(xentropy)
#初始化变量
sess = tf.Session()
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess.run(init)
#-----------------3. 迭代训练--------------------------#
#开始迭代,更新模型,也就是计算出A和b
for i in range(1000):
#从np.arange(len(x_vals_train))生成大小为20的均匀随机样本,如:[ 66 42 96 115 45 127 31 70 148 57 60 127 56 96 7 63 75 127 110 144]
rand_index = np.random.choice(len(x_vals_train), size=batch_size)
#print('rand_index ' + str(rand_index))
#rand_x为20x2的数组,类似酱紫 [[4.5 1.5] 。。。。[1.3 0.2]]
rand_x = x_vals_train[rand_index]
#print(' rand_x ' + str(rand_x))
#print(' rand_x shape: ' + str(rand_x.shape))
rand_x1 = np.array([[x[0]] for x in rand_x])
rand_x2 = np.array([[x[1]] for x in rand_x])
#print(' rand_x1 ' + str(rand_x1))
#print(' rand_x2 ' + str(rand_x2))
#rand_y如果直接使用y_vals_train[rand_index],则得到的是[0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0],是一维的, shape是(20,)也就是一维数组,数组有20个元素
#但是我们想要多维数组,也就是shape为(20, 1),因为placeholder也是这样的维度
#[[y] for y in y_vals_train[rand_index]] 得到的是[[0], [0], [0], [0], [0], [0], [1], [0], [1], [0], [0], [0], [0], [1], [1], [1], [1], [1], [0], [0]]
#然后,转化为数组,维度是(20, 1)
rand_y = np.array([[y] for y in y_vals_train[rand_index]])
#print('rand_y shape ' + str(rand_y.shape))
#print('rand_y ' + str(rand_y))
sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x1_data: rand_x1, x2_data: rand_x2, y_target: rand_y})
if(i+1)%200==0:
print('step: ' + str(i) + ' A = ' + str(sess.run(A)) + ' b = ' + str(sess.run(b)))
#-----------------4. 评估模型--------------------------#
#用已有的A,b 变量,计算my_output
y_prediction = tf.squeeze(tf.round(tf.nn.sigmoid(my_output)))
correct_prediction = tf.equal(y_prediction, y_target)
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, tf.float32))
#测试集数据提取,要转为二维的矩阵
x_vals_test_x1 = np.array([[x[0]] for x in x_vals_test])
x_vals_test_x2 = np.array([[x[1]] for x in x_vals_test])
y_vals_test_predict = np.array([[y] for y in y_vals_test])
#训练集数据提取,要转为二维的矩阵
x_vals_train_x1 = np.array([[x[0]] for x in x_vals_train])
x_vals_train_x2 = np.array([[x[1]] for x in x_vals_train])
y_vals_train_predict = np.array([[y] for y in y_vals_train])
print('x_vals_test ')
print(x_vals_test)
print('x_vals_test_x1 ')
print(x_vals_test_x1)
print('x_vals_test_x2 ')
print(x_vals_test_x2)
print('y_vals_test: ')
print(y_vals_test)
print('y_vals_test_predict: ')
print(y_vals_test_predict)
acc_value_test = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x1_data: x_vals_test_x1, x2_data: x_vals_test_x2, y_target: y_vals_test_predict})
acc_value_train = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x1_data: x_vals_train_x1, x2_data: x_vals_train_x2, y_target: y_vals_train_predict})
print('Accuracy on test set ' + str(acc_value_test))
print('Accuracy on train set ' + str(acc_value_train))
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