Systemctl是一个systemd工具，主要负责控制systemd系统和服务管理器。
Systemd是一个系统管理守护进程、工具和库的集合，用于取代System V初始进程。Systemd的功能是用于集中管理和配置类UNIX系统。
在Linux生态系统中，Systemd被部署到了大多数的标准Linux发行版中，只有为数不多的几个发行版尚未部署。Systemd通常是所有其它守护进程的父进程，但并非总是如此。
本文旨在阐明在运行systemd的系统上“如何控制系统和服务”。

Systemd初体验和Systemctl基础

1. 首先检查你的系统中是否安装有systemd并确定当前安装的版本

# systemctl --version
systemd 215
+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +SYSVINIT +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +ACL +XZ -SECCOMP -APPARMOR

上例中很清楚地表明，我们安装了215版本的systemd。

2. 检查systemd和systemctl的二进制文件和库文件的安装位置

# whereis systemd 
systemd: /usr/lib/systemd /etc/systemd /usr/share/systemd /usr/share/man/man1/systemd.1.gz
# whereis systemctl
systemctl: /usr/bin/systemctl /usr/share/man/man1/systemctl.1.gz

3. 检查systemd是否运行

# ps -eaf | grep [s]ystemd
root         1     0  0 16:27 ?        00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 23
root       444     1  0 16:27 ?        00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald
root       469     1  0 16:27 ?        00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd
root       555     1  0 16:27 ?        00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind
dbus       556     1  0 16:27 ?        00:00:00 /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation

注意：systemd 是作为父进程（PID=1）运行的。在上面带（-e）参数的ps命令输出中，选择所有进程，（-a）选择除会话前导外的所有进程，并使用（-f）参数输出完整格式列表（即 -eaf）。

也请注意上例中后随的方括号和例子中剩余部分。方括号表达式是 grep 的字符类表达式的一部分。

4. 分析 systemd 启动进程

# systemd-analyze
Startup finished in 487ms (kernel) + 2.776s (initrd) + 20.229s (userspace) = 23.493s

5. 分析启动时各个进程花费的时间

# systemd-analyze blame
8.565s mariadb.service
7.991s webmin.service
6.095s postfix.service
4.311s httpd.service
3.926s firewalld.service
3.780s kdump.service
3.238s tuned.service
1.712s network.service
1.394s lvm2-monitor.service
1.126s systemd-logind.service
....

6. 分析启动时的关键链

# systemd-analyze critical-chain
The time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character.

The time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character.
multi-user.target @20.222s
└─mariadb.service @11.657s +8.565s
  └─network.target @11.168s
    └─network.service @9.456s +1.712s
      └─NetworkManager.service @8.858s +596ms
        └─firewalld.service @4.931s +3.926s
          └─basic.target @4.916s
            └─sockets.target @4.916s
              └─dbus.socket @4.916s
                └─sysinit.target @4.905s
                  └─systemd-update-utmp.service @4.864s +39ms
                    └─auditd.service @4.563s +301ms
                      └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service @4.485s +69ms
                        └─rhel-import-state.service @4.342s +142ms
                          └─local-fs.target @4.324s
                            └─boot.mount @4.286s +31ms
                              └─systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d19608096
                                └─dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.device @4

重要：Systemctl接受服务（.service），挂载点（.mount），套接口（.socket）和设备（.device）作为单元。

7. 列出所有可用单元

# systemctl list-unit-files
UNIT FILE                                   STATE   
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount           static  
dev-hugepages.mount                         static  
dev-mqueue.mount                            static  
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount               static  
sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount               static  
sys-kernel-config.mount                     static  
sys-kernel-debug.mount                      static  
tmp.mount                                   disabled
brandbot.path                               disabled
.....

8. 列出所有运行中单元

# systemctl list-units
UNIT                                        LOAD   ACTIVE SUB       DESCRIPTION
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount           loaded active waiting   Arbitrary Executable File Formats File Syste
sys-devices-pc...0-1:0:0:0-block-sr0.device loaded active plugged   VBOX_CD-ROM
sys-devices-pc...:00:03.0-net-enp0s3.device loaded active plugged   PRO/1000 MT Desktop Adapter
sys-devices-pc...00:05.0-sound-card0.device loaded active plugged   82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller
sys-devices-pc...:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loaded active plugged   VBOX_HARDDISK
sys-devices-pc...:0:0-block-sda-sda2.device loaded active plugged   LVM PV Qzyo3l-qYaL-uRUa-Cjuk-pljo-qKtX-VgBQ8
sys-devices-pc...0-2:0:0:0-block-sda.device loaded active plugged   VBOX_HARDDISK
sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS0.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS0
sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS1.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS1
sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS2.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS2
sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS3.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS3
sys-devices-virtual-block-dm\x2d0.device    loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/virtual/block/dm-0
sys-devices-virtual-block-dm\x2d1.device    loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/virtual/block/dm-1
sys-module-configfs.device                  loaded active plugged   /sys/module/configfs
...

9. 列出所有失败单元

# systemctl --failed
UNIT          LOAD   ACTIVE SUB    DESCRIPTION
kdump.service loaded failed failed Crash recovery kernel arming
LOAD   = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.
ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.
SUB    = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.
1 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.
To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.

10. 检查某个单元（如 cron.service）是否启用

# systemctl is-enabled crond.service
enabled

11. 检查某个单元或服务是否运行

# systemctl status firewalld.service
firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2015-04-28 16:27:55 IST; 34min ago
 Main PID: 549 (firewalld)
   CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
           └─549 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid
Apr 28 16:27:51 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 28 16:27:55 tecmint systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.

使用Systemctl控制并管理服务

12. 列出所有服务（包括启用的和禁用的）

# systemctl list-unit-files --type=service
UNIT FILE                                   STATE   
arp-ethers.service                          disabled
auditd.service                              enabled 
autovt@.service                             disabled
blk-availability.service                    disabled
brandbot.service                            static  
collectd.service                            disabled
console-getty.service                       disabled
console-shell.service                       disabled
cpupower.service                            disabled
crond.service                               enabled 
dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service   enabled 
....

13. Linux中如何启动、重启、停止、重载服务以及检查服务（如 httpd.service）状态

# systemctl start httpd.service
# systemctl restart httpd.service
# systemctl stop httpd.service
# systemctl reload httpd.service
# systemctl status httpd.service
httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2015-04-28 17:21:30 IST; 6s ago
  Process: 2876 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 2881 (httpd)
   Status: "Processing requests..."
   CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
           ├─2881 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2884 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2885 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2886 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2887 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           └─2888 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint httpd[2881]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully q...ssage
Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.

注意：当我们使用systemctl的start，restart，stop和reload命令时，我们不会从终端获取到任何输出内容，只有status命令可以打印输出。

14. 如何激活服务并在启动时启用或禁用服务（即系统启动时自动启动服务）

# systemctl is-active httpd.service
# systemctl enable httpd.service
# systemctl disable httpd.service

15. 如何屏蔽（让它不能启动）或显示服务（如 httpd.service）

# systemctl mask httpd.service
ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service'
# systemctl unmask httpd.service
rm '/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service'

16. 使用systemctl命令杀死服务

# systemctl kill httpd
# systemctl status httpd
httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled)
   Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Tue 2015-04-28 18:01:42 IST; 28min ago
 Main PID: 2881 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"
Apr 28 17:37:29 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
Apr 28 17:37:29 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
Apr 28 17:37:39 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
Apr 28 17:37:39 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
Apr 28 17:37:49 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
Apr 28 17:37:49 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
Apr 28 17:37:59 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
Apr 28 17:37:59 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
Apr 28 18:01:42 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: control process exited, code=exited status=226
Apr 28 18:01:42 tecmint systemd[1]: Unit httpd.service entered failed state.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
```shell
使用Systemctl控制并管理挂载点
## 17. 列出所有系统挂载点
```shell
# systemctl list-unit-files --type=mount
UNIT FILE                     STATE   
dev-hugepages.mount           static  
dev-mqueue.mount              static  
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount static  
sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount static  
sys-kernel-config.mount       static  
sys-kernel-debug.mount        static  
tmp.mount                     disabled

18. 挂载、卸载、重新挂载、重载系统挂载点并检查系统中挂载点状态

# systemctl start tmp.mount
# systemctl stop tmp.mount
# systemctl restart tmp.mount
# systemctl reload tmp.mount
# systemctl status tmp.mount
tmp.mount - Temporary Directory
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/tmp.mount; disabled)
   Active: active (mounted) since Tue 2015-04-28 17:46:06 IST; 2min 48s ago
    Where: /tmp
     What: tmpfs
     Docs: man:hier(7)
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems
  Process: 3908 ExecMount=/bin/mount tmpfs /tmp -t tmpfs -o mode=1777,strictatime (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Apr 28 17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]: Mounting Temporary Directory...
Apr 28 17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]: tmp.mount: Directory /tmp to mount over is not empty, mounting anyway.
Apr 28 17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]: Mounted Temporary Directory.

19. 在启动时激活、启用或禁用挂载点（系统启动时自动挂载）

# systemctl is-active tmp.mount
# systemctl enable tmp.mount
# systemctl disable  tmp.mount

20. 在Linux中屏蔽（让它不能启用）或可见挂载点

# systemctl mask tmp.mount
ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount'
# systemctl unmask tmp.mount
rm '/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount'

使用Systemctl控制并管理套接口

21. 列出所有可用系统套接口

# systemctl list-unit-files --type=socket
UNIT FILE                    STATE   
dbus.socket                  static  
dm-event.socket              enabled 
lvm2-lvmetad.socket          enabled 
rsyncd.socket                disabled
sshd.socket                  disabled
syslog.socket                static  
systemd-initctl.socket       static  
systemd-journald.socket      static  
systemd-shutdownd.socket     static  
systemd-udevd-control.socket static  
systemd-udevd-kernel.socket  static  
11 unit files listed.

22. 在Linux中启动、重启、停止、重载套接口并检查其状态

# systemctl start cups.socket
# systemctl restart cups.socket
# systemctl stop cups.socket
# systemctl reload cups.socket
# systemctl status cups.socket
cups.socket - CUPS Printing Service Sockets
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/cups.socket; enabled)
   Active: active (listening) since Tue 2015-04-28 18:10:59 IST; 8s ago
   Listen: /var/run/cups/cups.sock (Stream)
Apr 28 18:10:59 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting CUPS Printing Service Sockets.
Apr 28 18:10:59 tecmint systemd[1]: Listening on CUPS Printing Service Sockets.

23. 在启动时激活套接口，并启用或禁用它（系统启动时自启动）

# systemctl is-active cups.socket
# systemctl enable cups.socket
# systemctl disable cups.socket

24. 屏蔽（使它不能启动）或显示套接口

# systemctl mask cups.socket
ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/cups.socket'
# systemctl unmask cups.socket
rm '/etc/systemd/system/cups.socket'
服务的CPU利用率（分配额）

25. 获取当前某个服务的CPU分配额（如httpd）

# systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service
CPUShares=1024

注意：各个服务的默认CPU分配份额=1024，你可以增加/减少某个进程的CPU分配份额。

26. 将某个服务（httpd.service）的CPU分配份额限制为2000 CPUShares/

# systemctl set-property httpd.service CPUShares=2000
# systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service
CPUShares=2000

注意：当你为某个服务设置CPUShares，会自动创建一个以服务名命名的目录（如 httpd.service），里面包含了一个名为90-CPUShares.conf的文件，该文件含有CPUShare限制信息，你可以通过以下方式查看该文件：

# vi /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/90-CPUShares.conf 
[Service]
CPUShares=2000        

27. 检查某个服务的所有配置细节

# systemctl show httpd
Id=httpd.service
Names=httpd.service
Requires=basic.target
Wants=system.slice
WantedBy=multi-user.target
Conflicts=shutdown.target
Before=shutdown.target multi-user.target
After=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target systemd-journald.socket basic.target system.slice
Description=The Apache HTTP Server
LoadState=loaded
ActiveState=active
SubState=running
FragmentPath=/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service
....

28. 分析某个服务（httpd）的关键链

# systemd-analyze critical-chain httpd.service
The time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character.
The time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character.
httpd.service +142ms
└─network.target @11.168s
  └─network.service @9.456s +1.712s
    └─NetworkManager.service @8.858s +596ms
      └─firewalld.service @4.931s +3.926s
        └─basic.target @4.916s
          └─sockets.target @4.916s
            └─dbus.socket @4.916s
              └─sysinit.target @4.905s
                └─systemd-update-utmp.service @4.864s +39ms
                  └─auditd.service @4.563s +301ms
                    └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service @4.485s +69ms
                      └─rhel-import-state.service @4.342s +142ms
                        └─local-fs.target @4.324s
                          └─boot.mount @4.286s +31ms
                            └─systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.service @4.092s +149ms
                              └─dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.device @4.092s

29. 获取某个服务（httpd）的依赖性列表

# systemctl list-dependencies httpd.service
httpd.service
├─system.slice
└─basic.target
  ├─firewalld.service
  ├─microcode.service
  ├─rhel-autorelabel-mark.service
  ├─rhel-autorelabel.service
  ├─rhel-configure.service
  ├─rhel-dmesg.service
  ├─rhel-loadmodules.service
  ├─paths.target
  ├─slices.target
  │ ├─-.slice
  │ └─system.slice
  ├─sockets.target
  │ ├─dbus.socket
....

30. 按等级列出控制组

# systemd-cgls
├─1 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 23
├─user.slice
│ └─user-0.slice
│   └─session-1.scope
│     ├─2498 sshd: root@pts/0    
│     ├─2500 -bash
│     ├─4521 systemd-cgls
│     └─4522 systemd-cgls
└─system.slice
  ├─httpd.service
  │ ├─4440 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
  │ ├─4442 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
  │ ├─4443 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
  │ ├─4444 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
  │ ├─4445 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
  │ └─4446 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
  ├─polkit.service
  │ └─721 /usr/lib/polkit-1/polkitd --no-debug
....
```shell
## 31. 按CPU、内存、输入和输出列出控制组
```shell
# systemd-cgtop
Path                                                              Tasks   %CPU   Memory  Input/s Output/s
/                                                                    83    1.0   437.8M        -        -
/system.slice                                                         -    0.1        -        -        -
/system.slice/mariadb.service                                         2    0.1        -        -        -
/system.slice/tuned.service                                           1    0.0        -        -        -
/system.slice/httpd.service                                           6    0.0        -        -        -
/system.slice/NetworkManager.service                                  1      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/atop.service                                            1      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/atopacct.service                                        1      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/auditd.service                                          1      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/crond.service                                           1      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/dbus.service                                            1      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/firewalld.service                                       1      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/lvm2-lvmetad.service                                    1      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/polkit.service                                          1      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/postfix.service                                         3      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/rsyslog.service                                         1      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/system-getty.slice/getty@tty1.service                   1      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/systemd-journald.service                                1      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/systemd-logind.service                                  1      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/systemd-udevd.service                                   1      -        -        -        -
/system.slice/webmin.service                                          1      -        -        -        -
/user.slice/user-0.slice/session-1.scope                              3      -        -        -        -

控制系统运行等级

32. 启动系统救援模式

# systemctl rescue
Broadcast message from root@tecmint on pts/0 (Wed 2015-04-29 11:31:18 IST):
The system is going down to rescue mode NOW!

33. 进入紧急模式

# systemctl emergency
Welcome to emergency mode! After logging in, type "journalctl -xb" to view
system logs, "systemctl reboot" to reboot, "systemctl default" to try again
to boot into default mode.

34. 列出当前使用的运行等级

# systemctl get-default
multi-user.target

35. 启动运行等级5，即图形模式

# systemctl isolate runlevel5.target

或

# systemctl isolate graphical.target

36. 启动运行等级3，即多用户模式（命令行）

# systemctl isolate runlevel3.target

或

# systemctl isolate multiuser.target

36. 设置多用户模式或图形模式为默认运行等级

# systemctl set-default runlevel3.target
# systemctl set-default runlevel5.target

37. 重启、停止、挂起、休眠系统或使系统进入混合睡眠

# systemctl reboot
# systemctl halt
# systemctl suspend
# systemctl hibernate
# systemctl hybrid-sleep

对于不知运行等级为何物的人，说明如下。

Runlevel 0 : 关闭系统
Runlevel 1 : 救援？维护模式
Runlevel 3 : 多用户，无图形系统
Runlevel 4 : 多用户，无图形系统
Runlevel 5 : 多用户，图形化系统
Runlevel 6 : 关闭并重启机器
到此为止吧。保持连线，进行评论。别忘了在下面的评论中为我们提供一些有价值的反馈哦。喜欢我们、与我们分享，求扩散。

原文：https://linux.cn/article-5926-1.html