1、堆外内存存放位置

在这里插入图片描述

2、为什么需要堆外内存

  1. 零拷贝:当进行网络I/O 操作、文件读写时,堆内内存都需要转换为堆外内存,然后再与底层设备进行交互。
  2. 降低JVM GC 对应用程序影响:因为堆外内存不受 JVM 管理。
  3. 堆外内存可以实现进程之间、JVM 多实例之间的数据共享。
  4. 因为堆外内存需要手动释放(它的缺点)

一份JVM配置信息,MaxDirectMemorySize就是堆外内存
-Xms6144m -Xmx8192m:最小堆内存和最大堆内存
-XX:SurvivorRatio=8:新生代的 E:S:S= 8:1:1
-XX:NewRatio=1:新生代:老年代 = 1:1
-XX:MetaspaceSize=512m:元空间大小
-XX:MaxMetaspaceSize=512m:元空间最大大小
-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=512m:最大堆外内存大小
-XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC:启动CMS垃圾回收
-XX:+PrintGC:打印GC信息
-XX:+PrintGCDetails:GC详情信息
-XX:+PrintGCDateStamps:打印GC时间戳
-Xloggc:/home/admin/logs/vehicle-admin/gc.log:GC文件路径
XX:+UseGCLogFileRotation:GC Log 的滚动功能,需要配置Xloggc
-XX:NumberOfGCLogFiles:GC文件个数
XX:GCLogFileSize:GC文件大小
-XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError:内存溢出,生成headDump文件
XX:HeapDumpPath:堆Dump文件路径,需要配置HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError

-Xms6144m -Xmx8192m -XX:SurvivorRatio=8 -XX:NewRatio=1 -XX:MetaspaceSize=512m -XX:MaxMetaspaceSize=512m -XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=512m  -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC -XX:+PrintGC -XX:+PrintGCDetails -XX:+PrintGCDateStamps -Xloggc:/home/admin/logs/vehicle-admin/gc.log -XX:+UseGCLogFileRotation -XX:NumberOfGCLogFiles=1 -XX:GCLogFileSize=100m -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError -XX:HeapDumpPath=/home/admin/logs/vehicle-admin/heapDump.bin

3、申请堆外内存

通过Unsafe对象调用allocateMemory方法

Unsafe对象不能直接获得,它申请的内存,需要手动回收,很不安全,但可以通过反射获取

private static Unsafe unsafe = null;

    static {
        try {
            Field getUnsafe = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
            getUnsafe.setAccessible(true);
            unsafe = (Unsafe) getUnsafe.get(null);
        } catch (NoSuchFieldException | IllegalAccessException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
public static void main(String[] args) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
    //申请10M堆外内存,申请的内存需要手动回收
    unsafe.allocateMemory(10 * 1024 * 1024L);
    //回收堆外内存
    unsafe.freeMemory();
}

netty申请堆外内存做法

public static void main(String[] args) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
    //申请10M堆外内存
    ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(10 * 1024 * 1024L);
}
public static ByteBuffer allocateDirect(int capacity) {
    return new DirectByteBuffer(capacity);
}

DirectByteBuffer初始化

什么时候抛出堆外内存溢出
系统主动调用FCLL GC,并且在最大时间内(尝试次数和每次尝试时间),还是不能申请到足够的对外内存的时候

DirectByteBuffer(int cap) {                   // package-private
		
        super(-1, 0, cap, cap);
        //用以判断JVM是否需要对堆外内存进行对齐
        boolean pa = VM.isDirectMemoryPageAligned();
      	//需要连续的也大小进行申请缓存
        int ps = Bits.pageSize();
        long size = Math.max(1L, (long)cap + (pa ? ps : 0));
        //判断能否申请到内存,如果不能,调用一次System.gc()回收一次内存,如果还是不能申请到内存,抛出堆外内存溢出异常。
        Bits.reserveMemory(size, cap);

        long base = 0;
        try {
        	//真正申请堆外内存
            base = unsafe.allocateMemory(size);
        } catch (OutOfMemoryError x) {
            Bits.unreserveMemory(size, cap);
            throw x;
        }
        //申请到的内存空间
        unsafe.setMemory(base, size, (byte) 0);
        if (pa && (base % ps != 0)) {
            // Round up to page boundary
            address = base + ps - (base & (ps - 1));
        } else {
            address = base;
        }
        //定义cleaner对象,用于回收堆外内存
        cleaner = Cleaner.create(this, new Deallocator(base, size, cap));
        att = null;
}
static void reserveMemory(long size, int cap) {
		//系统是否设置最大堆外内存
        if (!memoryLimitSet && VM.isBooted()) {
            maxMemory = VM.maxDirectMemory();
            memoryLimitSet = true;
        }

        // 尝试申请堆外内存,申请成功,直接返回
        if (tryReserveMemory(size, cap)) {
            return;
        }

        final JavaLangRefAccess jlra = SharedSecrets.getJavaLangRefAccess();

        // retry while helping enqueue pending Reference objects
        // which includes executing pending Cleaner(s) which includes
        // Cleaner(s) that free direct buffer memory
        while (jlra.tryHandlePendingReference()) {
            if (tryReserveMemory(size, cap)) {
                return;
            }
        }

        // 申请失败,触发一次FULL GC,回收内存,顺带会调用Cleaner回收堆外内存,但并非立即就触发,存在一定的触发和回收时间,下面会判断在最大时间是否能申请到足够的堆外内存
        System.gc();

        // a retry loop with exponential back-off delays
        // (this gives VM some time to do it's job)
        boolean interrupted = false;
        try {
            long sleepTime = 1;
            int sleeps = 0;
            while (true) {
            	 // 再次尝试申请堆外内存,申请成功,直接返回
                if (tryReserveMemory(size, cap)) {
                    return;
                }
                 // 如果在最大sleep时间还是申请不到,(GC回收完成,还是不能申请到足够的堆外内存),跳出循环,抛出堆外内存溢出
                if (sleeps >= MAX_SLEEPS) {
                    break;
                }
                if (!jlra.tryHandlePendingReference()) {
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(sleepTime);
                        sleepTime <<= 1;
                        sleeps++;
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        interrupted = true;
                    }
                }
            }

            // no luck
            throw new OutOfMemoryError("Direct buffer memory");

        } finally {
            if (interrupted) {
                // don't swallow interrupts
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
        }
    }

VM.isDirectMemoryPageAligned()用以判断JVM是否需要对堆外内存进行对齐,什么是内存页,什么是对齐参考:
内存分页大小对性能的提升原理
内存对齐详解
此参数可以通过-Dsun.nio.PageAlignDirectMemory进行指定,默认是关闭的,在64位Windows JDK上实践证明-XX:[+|-]PageAlignDirectMemory不能用,提示未识别的参数

4、直接内存写入和获取的都是相对系统空间的位置和长度信息

通过position定位byte位置,从0开始

存入byte

public ByteBuffer put(byte x) {
	unsafe.putByte(ix(nextPutIndex()), ((x)));
    return this;
}
final int nextPutIndex() {                          // package-private
     int p = position;
     //前一个写入的位置
     if (p >= limit)
            throw new BufferOverflowException();
    position = p + 1;
    //获取当前需要写入的位置
    return p;
}

获取byte

public byte get() {
    return ((unsafe.getByte(ix(nextGetIndex()))));
}
final int nextGetIndex() {                          // package-private
     int p = position;
     if (p >= limit)
         throw new BufferUnderflowException();
     position = p + 1;
     return p;
}

5、回收堆外内存

在初始化DirectByteBuffer的时候,会初始化一个Cleaner对象,它是一个虚引用对象,初始化了一个Deallocator的Runnable对象
在这里插入图片描述
PhantomReference 对象继承了Reference

//静态代码块初始化,
static {
        ThreadGroup tg = Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup();
        for (ThreadGroup tgn = tg;
             tgn != null;
             tg = tgn, tgn = tg.getParent());
        Thread handler = new ReferenceHandler(tg, "Reference Handler");
        /* If there were a special system-only priority greater than
         * MAX_PRIORITY, it would be used here
         */
        handler.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
        handler.setDaemon(true);
        //启动ReferenceHandler线程
        handler.start();

        // provide access in SharedSecrets
        SharedSecrets.setJavaLangRefAccess(new JavaLangRefAccess() {
            @Override
            public boolean tryHandlePendingReference() {
                return tryHandlePending(false);
            }
        });
    }
private static class ReferenceHandler extends Thread {

        private static void ensureClassInitialized(Class<?> clazz) {
            try {
                Class.forName(clazz.getName(), true, clazz.getClassLoader());
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                throw (Error) new NoClassDefFoundError(e.getMessage()).initCause(e);
            }
        }

        static {
            ensureClassInitialized(InterruptedException.class);
            ensureClassInitialized(Cleaner.class);
        }
        ReferenceHandler(ThreadGroup g, String name) {
            super(g, name);
        }
        public void run() {
            while (true) {
            	//执行回收方法
                tryHandlePending(true);
            }
        }
    }
static boolean tryHandlePending(boolean waitForNotify) {
        Reference<Object> r;
        Cleaner c;
        try {
        	//对象锁
            synchronized (lock) {
                if (pending != null) {
                    r = pending;
                    //这里获取了Cleaner,前面DirectByteBuffer定义的Cleaner对象
                    c = r instanceof Cleaner ? (Cleaner) r : null;
                    pending = r.discovered;
                    r.discovered = null;
                } else {
                    if (waitForNotify) {
                        lock.wait();
                    }
                    return waitForNotify;
                }
            }
        } catch (OutOfMemoryError x) {
			//如果抛出内存溢出错误,当前线程转为就绪状态
            Thread.yield();
            // retry
            return true;
        } catch (InterruptedException x) {
            // retry
            return true;
        }
        if (c != null) {
        	//如果存在Cleaner,调用clean方法
            c.clean();
            return true;
        }
        ReferenceQueue<? super Object> q = r.queue;
        //对象加入排队队列汇总
        if (q != ReferenceQueue.NULL) q.enqueue(r);
        return true;
    }

调用Clean()方法,执行Cleaner对象初始化的Deallocator(Runnable)方法

public void clean() {
        if (remove(this)) {
        	//移除当前对象
            try {
            	//传入的Runnable调用run方法,就是前面的Deallocator对象
                this.thunk.run();
            } catch (final Throwable var2) {
                AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
                    public Void run() {
                        if (System.err != null) {
                            (new Error("Cleaner terminated abnormally", var2)).printStackTrace();
                        }

                        System.exit(1);
                        return null;
                    }
                });
            }

        }
    }
private static class Deallocator
        implements Runnable
    {

        private static Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();

        private long address;
        private long size;
        private int capacity;

        private Deallocator(long address, long size, int capacity) {
            assert (address != 0);
            this.address = address;
            this.size = size;
            this.capacity = capacity;
        }

        public void run() {
            if (address == 0) {
                // Paranoia
                return;
            }
            //回收当前DirectByteBuffer对象使用的堆外内存
            unsafe.freeMemory(address);
            address = 0;
            //更新可用的堆外内存大小
            Bits.unreserveMemory(size, capacity);
        }

    }

6、产生堆外内存溢出的原因

  1. 设置了最大堆外内存数量,但分配值太小,一次申请的堆外内存数量过大,抛出堆外内存溢出错误,初始化抛出;
  2. 系统能够申请的堆外内存不足,虽然设置了堆外内存为512M,但如果系统本身只有300M内存给堆外内存,也会抛出堆外内存溢出;
  3. 堆外内存回收时FullGC触发的Cleaner回收,直到在申请堆外内存的时候通过申请堆外内存的System.gc()触发FULL GC,但这个System.gc()不是立即触发,如果超过了最大时间还没有触发,或者触发回收的内存还不够申请的内存,也会抛出堆外内存溢出;

7、总结

1、定义了DirectByteBuffer的操作byte的都是申请了堆外内存,申请的堆外内存需要手动回收,重置最大可用堆外内存大小;
2、堆外内存泄露并不会提现在JVM内存使用上,排查方式可以通过JConsole检测堆外内存是否一直增长,之后查询系统中使用了DirectByteBuffer的地方;

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