SpringBoot实现异步调用的几种方式
一、使用 CompletableFuture 实现异步任务
CompletableFuture 是 Java 8 新增的一个异步编程工具,它可以方便地实现异步任务。使用 CompletableFuture 需要满足以下条件:
-
异步任务的返回值类型必须是 CompletableFuture 类型;
-
在异步任务中使用 CompletableFuture.supplyAsync() 或 CompletableFuture.runAsync() 方法来创建异步任务;
-
在主线程中使用 CompletableFuture.get() 方法获取异步任务的返回结果。
我们创建一个服务类,里面包含了异步方法和普通方法。
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
* @author qinxun
* @date 2023-06-07
* @Descripion: 异步服务类
*/
@Service
public class AsyncService {
/**
* 普通任务操作1
*/
public String task1() throws InterruptedException {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
return "任务执行完成1";
}
/**
* 普通任务操作2
*/
public String task2() throws InterruptedException {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
return "任务执行完成2";
}
/**
* 普通任务操作3
*/
public String task3() throws InterruptedException {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
return "任务执行完成3";
}
/**
* 异步操作1
*/
public CompletableFuture<String> asyncTask1() {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return "异步任务执行完成1";
});
}
/**
* 异步操作2
*/
public CompletableFuture<String> asyncTask2() {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return "异步任务执行完成2";
});
}
/**
* 异步操作3
*/
public CompletableFuture<String> asyncTask3() {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return "异步任务执行完成3";
});
}
}
我们先测试普通方法的情况,看看最后耗时
import cn.hutool.core.date.StopWatch;
import com.example.quartzdemo.service.AsyncService;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
/**
* @author qinxun
* @date 2023-06-07
* @Descripion: 异步处理测试
*/
@SpringBootTest
public class AsyncTest {
@Autowired
private AsyncService asyncService;
@Test
void test1() throws InterruptedException {
StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
stopWatch.start();
// 异步操作
/* CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture1 = asyncService.asyncTask1();
CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture2 = asyncService.asyncTask2();
CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture3 = asyncService.asyncTask3();
System.out.println(completableFuture1.get());
System.out.println(completableFuture2.get());
System.out.println(completableFuture3.get());*/
// 同步操作
System.out.println(asyncService.task1());
System.out.println(asyncService.task2());
System.out.println(asyncService.task3());
stopWatch.stop();
System.out.println("耗时:" + stopWatch.getTotalTimeMillis());
}
}
程序执行的结果:
任务执行完成1
任务执行完成2
任务执行完成3
耗时:8008
我们可以发现,普通同步方法是按顺序一个个操作的,各个方法不会同时处理。下面我们把这些操作换成异步的方法测试。
import cn.hutool.core.date.StopWatch;
import com.example.quartzdemo.service.AsyncService;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
/**
* @author qinxun
* @date 2023-06-07
* @Descripion: 异步处理测试
*/
@SpringBootTest
public class AsyncTest {
@Autowired
private AsyncService asyncService;
@Test
void test1() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
stopWatch.start();
// 异步操作
CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture1 = asyncService.asyncTask1();
CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture2 = asyncService.asyncTask2();
CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture3 = asyncService.asyncTask3();
System.out.println(completableFuture1.get());
System.out.println(completableFuture2.get());
System.out.println(completableFuture3.get());
// 同步操作
/*System.out.println(asyncService.task1());
System.out.println(asyncService.task2());
System.out.println(asyncService.task3());*/
stopWatch.stop();
System.out.println("耗时:" + stopWatch.getTotalTimeMillis());
}
}
程序执行结果:
异步任务执行完成1
异步任务执行完成2
异步任务执行完成3
耗时:3008
发现几个方法是异步同时进行的,没有先后的顺序,大大提高了程序执行效率。
二、基于注解 @Async实现异步任务
@Async 注解是 Spring 提供的一种轻量级异步方法实现方式,它可以标记在方法上,用来告诉 Spring 这个方法是一个异步方法,Spring 会将这个方法的执行放在异步线程中进行。使用 @Async 注解需要满足以下条件:
-
需要在 Spring Boot 主类上添加 @EnableAsync 注解启用异步功能;
-
需要在异步方法上添加 @Async 注解。
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.EnableAsync;
@SpringBootApplication
// 主类上加上这个注解,开启异步功能
@EnableAsync
public class QuartzDemoApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(QuartzDemoApplication.class, args);
}
}
修改测试的服务层
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Async;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.AsyncResult;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
* @author qinxun
* @date 2023-06-07
* @Descripion: 异步服务类
*/
@Service
public class AsyncService {
/**
* 同步任务操作1
*/
public String task1() throws InterruptedException {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
return "任务执行完成1";
}
/**
* 同步任务操作2
*/
public String task2() throws InterruptedException {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
return "任务执行完成2";
}
/**
* 同步任务操作3
*/
public String task3() throws InterruptedException {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
return "任务执行完成3";
}
/**
* 异步操作1
*/
@Async
public Future<String> asyncTask1() throws InterruptedException {
long currentTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
long currentTimeMillis1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("task1任务耗时:" + (currentTimeMillis1 - currentTimeMillis) + "ms");
return new AsyncResult<>("task1完成");
}
/**
* 异步操作2
*/
@Async
public Future<String> asyncTask2() throws InterruptedException {
long currentTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
long currentTimeMillis1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("task1任务耗时:" + (currentTimeMillis1 - currentTimeMillis) + "ms");
return new AsyncResult<>("task2完成");
}
/**
* 异步操作3
*/
@Async
public Future<String> asyncTask3() throws InterruptedException {
long currentTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
long currentTimeMillis1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("task1任务耗时:" + (currentTimeMillis1 - currentTimeMillis) + "ms");
return new AsyncResult<>("task3完成");
}
}
创建一个测试类
import com.example.quartzdemo.service.AsyncService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
/**
* @author qinxun
* @date 2023-06-07
* @Descripion:
*/
@RestController
public class AsyncController {
@Autowired
private AsyncService asyncService;
/**
* 测试异步
*/
@RequestMapping("/async")
public String testAsync() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
long currentTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
Future<String> task1 = asyncService.asyncTask1();
Future<String> task2 = asyncService.asyncTask2();
Future<String> task3 = asyncService.asyncTask3();
while (true) {
if (task1.isDone() && task2.isDone() && task3.isDone()) {
// 三个任务都调用完成,退出循环等待
break;
}
}
System.out.println(task1.get());
System.out.println(task2.get());
System.out.println(task3.get());
long currentTimeMillis1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
return "task任务总耗时:" + (currentTimeMillis1 - currentTimeMillis) + "ms";
}
}
执行测试方法
task1任务耗时:2006ms
task1任务耗时:3011ms
task1任务耗时:3011ms
task1完成
task2完成
task3完成
三、使用 TaskExecutor 实现异步任务
TaskExecutor 是 Spring 提供的一个接口,它定义了一个方法 execute(),用来执行异步任务。使用 TaskExecutor 需要满足以下条件:
-
需要在 Spring 配置文件中配置一个 TaskExecutor 实例;
-
在异步方法中调用 TaskExecutor 实例的 execute() 方法来执行异步任务。
创建一个异步配置类
import org.springframework.aop.interceptor.AsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler;
import org.springframework.aop.interceptor.SimpleAsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.core.task.TaskExecutor;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.AsyncConfigurer;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
/**
* @author qinxun
* @date 2023-06-07
* @Descripion: 异步处理配置类
*/
@Configuration
public class AsyncConfig implements AsyncConfigurer {
@Bean(name = "asyncExecutor")
public TaskExecutor asyncExecutor() {
ThreadPoolTaskExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor();
executor.setCorePoolSize(10);
executor.setMaxPoolSize(20);
executor.setQueueCapacity(100);
executor.setThreadNamePrefix("async-");
executor.initialize();
return executor;
}
@Override
public Executor getAsyncExecutor() {
return asyncExecutor();
}
@Override
public AsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler getAsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler() {
return new SimpleAsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler();
}
}
修改下服务类,我们使用自定义的异步配置
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.core.task.TaskExecutor;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Async;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
* @author qinxun
* @date 2023-06-07
* @Descripion: 异步服务类
*/
@Service
public class AsyncService {
@Autowired
@Qualifier("asyncExecutor")
private TaskExecutor taskExecutor;
/**
* 同步任务操作1
*/
public String task1() throws InterruptedException {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
return "任务执行完成1";
}
/**
* 同步任务操作2
*/
public String task2() throws InterruptedException {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
return "任务执行完成2";
}
/**
* 同步任务操作3
*/
public String task3() throws InterruptedException {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
return "任务执行完成3";
}
/**
* 异步操作1
*/
@Async
public void asyncTask1() {
taskExecutor.execute(() -> {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
});
System.out.println("异步任务执行完成1");
}
/**
* 异步操作2
*/
@Async
public void asyncTask2() throws InterruptedException {
taskExecutor.execute(() -> {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
});
System.out.println("异步任务执行完成2");
}
/**
* 异步操作3
*/
@Async
public void asyncTask3() throws InterruptedException {
taskExecutor.execute(() -> {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
});
System.out.println("异步任务执行完成3");
}
}
测试类进行测试
/**
* @author qinxun
* @date 2023-06-07
* @Descripion: 异步处理测试
*/
@SpringBootTest
public class AsyncTest {
@Autowired
@Qualifier("asyncExecutor")
private TaskExecutor taskExecutor;
@Test
void test1() {
StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
stopWatch.start();
// 异步操作
/* asyncService.asyncTask1();
asyncService.asyncTask2();
asyncService.asyncTask3();*/
taskExecutor.execute(() -> System.out.println("异步任务"));
// 同步操作
/*System.out.println(asyncService.task1());
System.out.println(asyncService.task2());
System.out.println(asyncService.task3());*/
stopWatch.stop();
System.out.println("耗时:" + stopWatch.getTotalTimeMillis());
}
}
耗时:6
异步任务执行完成3
异步任务执行完成1
异步任务执行完成2
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